adopted in 1868, that makes all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former slaves— citizens of the country and guarantees equal protection of the laws. 

adopted in 1870, that prohibits the denial of voting rights to people because of their race or color or because they have previously been slaves

the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races.

the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex.

a secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in Southern states after the Civil War. 

reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life. 

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represent the common folk—especially farmers—against the entrenched interests of railroads, bankers, processors, corporations, and the politicians in league with such interests.

one of the magazine journalists who exposed the corrupt side of business and public life in the early 1900s.