Base your answers to questions 1 through 2 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents two possible sequences in the evolution of stars.
Which process generates the energy that is released by stars?

Base your answers to questions 3 through 5 on the passage and cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents one theory of the movement of rock materials in Earth’s dynamic interior. Some mantle plumes that are slowly rising from the boundary between Earth’s outer core and stiffer mantle are indicated.
Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes
Research of mantle hot spots indicates that mantle plumes form in a variety of sizes and shapes. These mantle plumes range in diameter from several hundred kilometers to 1000 kilometers. Some plumes rise as blobs rather than in a continuous streak; however, most plumes are long, slender columns of hot rock slowly rising in Earth’s stiffer mantle. One theory is that most plumes form at the boundary between the outer core and the stiffer mantle. They may reach Earth’s surface in the center of plates or at plate boundaries, producing volcanoes or large domes.
Compared to the surrounding material, mantle plumes rise toward Earth’s surface from the core-mantle boundary because they are

Base your answers to questions 3 through 5 on the passage and cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents one theory of the movement of rock materials in Earth’s dynamic interior. Some mantle plumes that are slowly rising from the boundary between Earth’s outer core and stiffer mantle are indicated. 
Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes 
Research of mantle hot spots indicates that mantle plumes form in a variety of sizes and shapes. These mantle plumes range in diameter from several hundred kilometers to 1000 kilometers. Some plumes rise as blobs rather than in a continuous streak; however, most plumes are long, slender columns of hot rock slowly rising in Earth’s stiffer mantle. One theory is that most plumes form at the boundary between the outer core and the stiffer mantle. They may reach Earth’s surface in the center of plates or at plate boundaries, producing volcanoes or large domes
At which depth below Earth’s surface is the boundary between Earth’s outer core and stiffer mantle located?

Base your answers to questions 3 through 5 on the passage and cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents one theory of the movement of rock materials in Earth’s dynamic interior. Some mantle plumes that are slowly rising from the boundary between Earth’s outer core and stiffer mantle are indicated. 
Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes 
Research of mantle hot spots indicates that mantle plumes form in a variety of sizes and shapes. These mantle plumes range in diameter from several hundred kilometers to 1000 kilometers. Some plumes rise as blobs rather than in a continuous streak; however, most plumes are long, slender columns of hot rock slowly rising in Earth’s stiffer mantle. One theory is that most plumes form at the boundary between the outer core and the stiffer mantle. They may reach Earth’s surface in the center of plates or at plate boundaries, producing volcanoes or large domes.
The basaltic rock that forms volcanic mountains where mantle plumes reach Earth’s surface is usually composed of

Base your answers to questions 6 through 10 on the geologic cross section and graph below, and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents the intrusive igneous rock of the Palisades sill and surrounding bedrock located on the west side of the Hudson River across from New York City. The graph indicates changes in the percentages of the major minerals found in the sill.
The inclusions shown near the bottom of the Palisades sill are pieces of the Triassic sandstone that

Base your answers to questions 6 through 10 on the geologic cross section and graph below, and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents the intrusive igneous rock of the Palisades sill and surrounding bedrock located on the west side of the Hudson River across from New York City. The graph indicates changes in the percentages of the major minerals found in the sill.
Approximately how far above the bottom of the Palisades sill is the coarse diabase region found?

Base your answers to questions 6 through 10 on the geologic cross section and graph below, and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents the intrusive igneous rock of the Palisades sill and surrounding bedrock located on the west side of the Hudson River across from New York City. The graph indicates changes in the percentages of the major minerals found in the sill.
 The graph shows that, within the olivine-rich diabase layer near the bottom of the sill, as the percentage of olivine increases, the

Base your answers to questions 6 through 10 on the geologic cross section and graph below, and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents the intrusive igneous rock of the Palisades sill and surrounding bedrock located on the west side of the Hudson River across from New York City. The graph indicates changes in the percentages of the major minerals found in the sill.
The Palisades sill intruded as North America began the process of separating from Africa and Europe as Pangaea was breaking apart. Approximately when did these events occur?

Base your answers to questions 6 through 10 on the geologic cross section and graph below, and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents the intrusive igneous rock of the Palisades sill and surrounding bedrock located on the west side of the Hudson River across from New York City. The graph indicates changes in the percentages of the major minerals found in the sill.
Which two minerals, not shown on the Graph of Changes in Mineral Composition Within the Palisades Sill, are also likely to be found in some other samples of diabase?