Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method.

Formed in 1240 when Sundiata took control of Ghana Empire. It controlled trade across Sahara, the South and the Niger River.

Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan

A powerful family in Japan that ruled as shoguns, 1603-1867, characterized by a samurai ruling class, urbanization, and the growth of a merchant class. Implemented isolationist policies to limit foreign influence in Japan

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.

Ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western Europe, modernize and strengthen Russia

The idea that the economy could run itself w/o influence, regulation, or restrictions from the government.

A focus on humanity as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor

Turkic empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire

Portion of Mali after that kingdom collapsed around 1500; this empire controlled Timbuktu

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)

Mine located in upper Peru; largest New World silver mines; produced 80 percent of all Perurian silver

Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology.

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

The most famous Muslim ruler of India during the period of Mughal rule. Famous for his religious tolerance, his investment in rich cultural feats, and the creation of a centralized governmental administration

Written by Martin Luther. Widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Used to display Luther's displeasure with the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences

Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)

Concept of government developed during the rise of the nation state in western Europe during the 17th century; monarchs held the right to direct their state however they saw fit

17th & 18th century an economic theory that holds that the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital, and that the government should promote policies that strengthen the economic power of state

The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies

An association of individuals whose pooled resources provided them stock much like a corporation. Together they shared risks, losses, and profits. Commonly used in trade/exploration ventures.

Scottish economist who advocated Laissez Faire economics: private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790) He wrote "Wealth of Nations"