the condition of being ruined

rapid, back and forth shaking or movements

destroyed completely: reduced to nonexistence

disaster marked by great and lasting loss

loud unpleasant noise

recognized or treated something as different

the whole of something

solid outer shell of earth

measure of energy released by an earthquake

an instrument that measures earthquakes

sub-layers of the earth's crust that move, float, and can fracture and cause continental drift, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc.