Many new inventions contributed to the __________ of the 19th century, including interchangeable parts, the cotton gin, the telegraph, the transcontinental railroad, and the steamboat.

The effect of the __________ was an economic shift from relying on British manufactured goods to an increase in American textiles and manufactured goods.

Labor unions began to organize in the 1800’s. They came together to __________.

The __________ was a religious movement beginning in the 1790’s in which people felt a renewed sense of spirituality which contributed to the reform spirit in America as people looked to improve society and help others.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls Convention in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848 to draw attention to the problems __________ faced.

The Hudson River School artists and Transcendentalists impacted developments in American art and literature by establishing an independent American identity.

Abolitionists were individuals who wanted to __________ in the United States.

__________ was a social reformer in the 1840’s who focused her efforts on the mentally ill and criminals.

__________ were noted for supporting social reform movements, seeking to preserve nature, and encouraging people to look for ways to improve society, rather than being driven by material wealth.

In one of his most-famous essays, Civil Disobedience (1849), __________ describes his decision no longer to pay taxes as a form of protest against the Mexican War and the institution of slavery. Thoreau was thrown in jail as a consequence.

__________ published Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852 in which she described the horrors of slavery.

Horace Mann pushed for prison reform and encouraged legislators to provide more money __________.

In the Adams –Onis Treaty of 1821 Spain __________ the Florida Territory to the U.S. __________.

Manifest Destiny was the philosophy or idea that it was the destiny of the U.S. to expand its territory all the way to the __________.

To escape persecution, the __________ travelled across the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. The journey is called the Mormon Trail which covered over 1,300 miles.

Texas became the __________ state on __________.

The United States defeated Mexico and signed the Treaty of __________ in 1848, thus ending the Mexican American War and gaining a vast amount of land and expanding the United States to the Pacific coast.

After the __________ and the Mexican Cession, the U.S. Government, purchased a portion of Mexican land for $10 million in what is part of present-day Arizona and New Mexico in a treaty known as the Gadsden Purchase.

__________ was a region the US acquired west of the Rocky Mountains that included present-day Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and also parts of Wyoming, Montana, and western Canada.

In 1849, news of the gold discovery spread quickly, and thousands of Americans, along with people from all over the world, rushed to __________.

The __________ left Britain with a huge debt and Parliament responded by imposing new laws and taxes on the English colonies, which angered many colonists and eventually led to the American Revolution.

__________ proposed the Albany Plan of Union in 1754, which was the first formal proposal to unite the colonies.

Following the French and Indian War, the King of England issued the Proclamation of 1763 to keep the colonists from going west of the__________.

To help pay England’s debts for the French and Indian War the __________ Act required all legal and commercial documents to carry an official stamp, showing that a tax had been paid.

The Stamp Act Congress marked the first time the colonies united to discuss growing tensions between __________ and her colonies.

The Intolerable Acts closed down the port of Boston until the colonists paid for the destroyed tea, banned democratic town meetings, __________, and let British officials accused of crimes in the colonies stand trial in __________.

In September, 1774, fifty-five delegates from twelve of the colonies met in __________ at the First Continental Congress, to discuss rising concerns over the Intolerable Acts and the colonists’ continuing frustration over “taxation without representation.”

The Second Continental Congress elected __________ Commander of the Continental Army and organized a committee to write the Declaration of Independence.

The American Revolution (1775-1783) was a war for independence between the American colonies and __________.

Lexington and Concord are considered the first battles of the American Revolution. American poet __________ described this event as “the shot heard round the world.”

The American victory at the Battle of Saratoga marked the turning point of the Revolutionary War because France and Spain pledged their aid to the United States in America’s fight for independence.

The Battle of __________ was the last major battle of the American Revolution where Cornwallis surrendered on October 19, 1781, effectively ending the war.

The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the __________ as a power in North America.

The Boston Massacre was when a fight broke out between colonists and British soldiers. Crispus Attucks, a former slave, and _____ other colonists were killed.

The Sons of Liberty, led by Samuel Adams, disguised themselves as Mohawk Indians, boarded three tea ships docked in the Boston Harbor, and dumped 342 chests of East India Company tea into Boston Harbor in protest of the __________.

In January 1776, Thomas Paine published a pamphlet titled Common Sense which contained a strong attack on the idea of __________ and argued that it was only “common sense” for the thirteen colonies to fix the problems with Great Britain.

The Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, __________.

In the winter of 1777, during the American Revolution, Washington’s army set up camp at __________ and although nearly one in four of his men died during this time due to disease, starvation, and the harsh, freezing conditions, Washington used the winter to train his men with military drills so that they would be ready to fight like a professional army when fighting resumed in the spring.

The Treaty of Paris of 1783 ended the __________.

The __________ movement was a campaign to stop alcohol abuse by banning alcohol.

The __________ limited the power of the king and stated that not even the king was above the law.

Mercantilism was the policy of using colonies to bring wealth to England by having the colonies sell __________.

In the 1650’s, the American colonies were forced to trade with __________ by the Navigation Acts.

The First Great Awakening helped pave the way for the __________ and encouraged the ideas of liberty and equality.

__________ were taken from Africa to the Americas on what is called the Middle Passage, the middle leg of a three part voyage.

In __________, the first permanent English colony was established in Jamestown, Virginia.

__________ was an early attempt at self-government in the New World.

The Mayflower Compact helped establish the idea that the __________ creates government through direct rule over the people.

The __________ was the first written constitution in North America.

The English Bill of Rights states that the power to make laws and impose taxes belonged to the __________.

__________ went to the Supreme Court to answer the questions of whether the federal government had the power to create a national bank and whether a state government had the power to tax it.

The case of Gibbons v. Ogden further __________ the power of the federal government.

The Monroe Doctrine stated that the Western Hemisphere was __________ to European countries and that no__________.

Washington’s Farewell Address warned Americans to stay out of foreign conflicts and remain neutral; and he __________ political parties and the unifying effect they would have on the country.

In the XYZ Affair, the __________ demanded a bribe from the Americans to stop the impressment of American sailors.

As a result of the Alien and Sedition Acts passed by the Federalist Congress in 1798 and 1799, __________ and Madison wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, criticizing the Federalists and John Adams for these policies.

When no candidate has a majority in a presidential election, the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution states that the __________ decides who will be president from the top __________ candidates.

In what became known as the “Corrupt Bargain,” Clay supported __________ in the Election of 1824. When he becamse president, Clay was appointed as the new Secretary of State.

The Nullification Crisis of 1828-1832 was a conflict between the national government and __________ state governments over the issue of tariffs.

In 1815 in the last major battle of the War of 1812, the American army led by __________ faced the British soldiers in New Orleans. As a result of the American victory, he emerged as a national military hero.

Jackson supported __________ government powers and hands on government during his presidency. He used the spoils system to reward political supporters with government jobs.

In order to make room for white settlers, President Andrew Jackson persuaded Congress to pass the Indian __________ Act of 1830 which forced the Native American tribes to become United States citizens and move to present-day Oklahoma.

In Worcester v. Georgia, the Supreme Court handed the Cherokee a legal victory by ruling that Georgia had __________ power over Indian land.

In 1803, Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from __________ the size of the United States.

Jefferson sent a military expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and __________ to explore the Louisiana Purchase.

The __________ limited the power of the king and stated that not even the king was above the law.

Mercantilism was the policy of using colonies to bring wealth to England by having the colonies sell __________.

In the 1650’s, the American colonies were forced to trade with __________ by the Navigation Acts.

The First Great Awakening helped pave the way for the __________ and encouraged the ideas of liberty and equality.

__________ were taken from Africa to the Americas on what is called the Middle Passage, the middle leg of a three part voyage.

In __________, the first permanent English colony was established in Jamestown, Virginia.

__________ was an early attempt at self-government in the New World.

The Mayflower Compact helped establish the idea that the __________ creates government through direct rule over the people.

The __________ was the first written constitution in North America.

The English Bill of Rights states that the power to make laws and impose taxes belonged to the __________.

The Lincoln-Douglas debates brought Lincoln and the issue of __________ further into the national spotlight.

After the Southern states seceded from the Union, they formed the Confederate States of America and elected __________ as President.

In Davis’ First Inaugural Address, he argued that separation from the Union was a “__________.”

In Lincoln’s __________ Inaugural Address, he discussed the looming Civil War and the secession of some Southern states. He called for preservation of the Union and emphasized his commitment to that goal.

The Civil War was between the __________ (Union) and the __________ (Confederate States of America).

On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired the first shots of the Civil War on __________.

Passed in 1862 during the Civil War, the __________ Act allowed any person who was head of a family or was 21 years of age and a citizen of the U.S. and had not taken up arms against the U.S. to claim 160 acres of public land in the West for a small fee after residing on the land for five years.

Under the __________ Land Grant Act of 1862, the U.S. government donated public land to the states for their use in establishing colleges to educate the nation’s farmers and workers in “agriculture and the mechanic arts.”

President Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address on November 19, 1863, to dedicate a __________ in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

On April 14, 1865, __________, an actor and Southern sympathizer, shot President Lincoln in the head at Ford’s Theater.

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 allowed Missouri to enter the union as a __________ state, but also allowed Maine to enter the union as a __________ state, therefore keeping the balance in Congress; and also __________ slavery in all the territory north of the 36’30” parallel.

The __________ attempted to settle conflict in Congress over the issue of slavery in the western territories.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 divided the land west of Missouri into two territories: Kansas and Nebraska. __________

__________ was a slave who sued for his freedom after his owner took him into a territory where slavery was forbidden by the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

__________ was a radical abolitionist who resorted to violence in his attempts to defeat slavery.

In the election of 1860, Lincoln won a majority of the __________ vote, and thus became President even though he won only about 40 percent of the __________ vote.

The war began on April 12, 1861, with the Confederates firing on __________. It ended on April 9, 1865, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.

The Battle of __________ was one of the bloodiest single day battles in American history.

The Battle of __________ lasted for three days and ended in a Union victory. Some historians estimate as many as 50,000 were killed or wounded.

At the Battle of Vicksburg, Union forces seized control of the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg, Mississippi, thus effectively gaining control of the __________.

Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 which declared __________ to be free.

Lincoln called for healing and peace in his __________ Inaugural Address, saying, “With malice toward none; with charity for all… let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds…”

__________ refers to the period from 1865-1877 after the Civil War when the nation’s attention was focused on rebuilding the South and re-admitting the southern states into the Union.