a Muslim from southern China who rose through the ranks to become an advisor to the Ming Emperor

Mongol state that ruled Persia after abolition of the Abbasid empire in the thirteenth century.

Arabic dynasty (661–750), with its capital at Damascus, that was marked by a tremendous period of expansion to Spain in the west and India in the east.

commonly known in Chinese as the June Fourth Incident, were student-led demonstrations in Beijing in 1989. More broadly, it refers to the popular national movement inspired by the Beijing protests during that period, sometimes referred to as the '89 Democracy Movement

Trade routes across the Sahara Desert between Mediterranean Roman cities and the Sub-Saharan and West Saharan civilizations; often transporting gold and salt as major commodities

the network of trade and foreign relations between China and its neighboring nations and conquered peoples that helped to shape much of East Asian affairs

A group that raided the British Isles from their home at Vik in southern Norway with their long boats

the principle or advocacy of the political union of all the indigenous inhabitants of Africa.

Islamic dynasty that ruled India from the sixteenth through the eighteenth century; the construction of the Taj Mahal is representative of their splendor; with the exception of the enlightened reign of Akbar, the increasing conflict between Hindus and Muslims was another of their legacies.

a grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area. System that gave the Spanish settlers the right to compel the indigenous peoples of the Americas to work in the mines or fields.

System of political structure in Europe based around decentralization following the fall of the Roman Empire; Mutual obligations between lords and vassals with giving of fiefs (parcels of land) and receiving of loyalty and military assistance

policy adopted by the Soviet government, pursued most intensively between 1929 and 1933, to transform traditional agriculture in the Soviet Union and to reduce the economic power of the kulaks (prosperous peasants) ** later a similar process was used in China

Modern capitalism owes its roots to him and his Wealth of Nations, which many consider the single most important economic work in history.

a radical Islamic group organized by Osama bin Laden in the 1990s to engage in terrorist activities

Anti-Foreign/Christian Rebellion Nationalist movement against

foreign Imperialism. Split support of Chinese gov’t ; Declared war against “The

Great Powers”—Europe, Japan, and US; Western troops invade ~20,000 and defeat imperial army; Mass destruction and atrocities upon defeat; Once again leads to increase in foreign involvement

Main religion of India, a combination of Dravidian and Aryan concepts; Hinduism's goal is to reach spiritual purity and union with the great world spirit; its important concepts include dharma, karma, and samsara.

best known of the Muslim travelers; visited India, east coast of Africa, Mali and elsewhere throughout the world; was trying to gain knowledge and had great understanding of many diplomatic issues

was a Chinese Communist revolutionary and the founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he governed

the task that white colonizers believed they had to impose their civilization on the black inhabitants of their colonies.

an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection. Theories of this idea became popular in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries among theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as a means of explaining the origin of government and the obligations of subjects.

An economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China (CPC) from 1958 to 1961. The campaign was led by Mao Zedong and aimed to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a communist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization. The campaign caused the Great Chinese Famine.

(in South Africa) a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race. 1940s: Afrikaans, literally ‘separateness,’ from Dutch apart ‘separate’ + -heid (equivalent of -hood).

Regional organization established in 1967 by Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and Philippines, designed to promote economic progress and political stability

ongoing struggle between Israelis and Palestinians that began in the mid 20th century; This conflict formed the core part of the wider Arab–Israeli conflict. Despite the long going peace process and the general reconciliation of Israel with Egypt and Jordan, Israelis and Palestinians have failed to reach a final peace agreement

Early forerunner of the modern corporation; individuals who invested in a trading or exploring venture could make huge profits while limiting their risk.

Restoration of imperial rule under Emperor Meiji in 1868 by a coalition led by Fukuzawa Yukichi and Ito Hirobumi; the restoration enacted western reforms to strengthen Japan. Resulting in a modern, industrialized Japan

a leading member of the African National Congress (ANC), which opposed South Africa's white minority government and its policy of racial separation, known as apartheid. The government outlawed the ANC in 1960.

Regional government officials of the Persian empire--create a system of provincial rulers and bureaucracy within a centralized government

Incan mnemonic aid comprised of different-colored strings and knots that served to record events in the absence of a written text.

Incan mnemonic aid comprised of different-colored strings and knots that served to record events in the absence of a written text.

a widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable disease, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492

Missionaries sought to explain Christianity in terms understandable to natives; Natives relate Saints of Christianity to their gods with similar beliefs; in L. America—Virgin Mary gains importance

term used by Muslim scholars to describe the areas of the world where Muslims were a majority and who were freely able to practice their religion and the government promises their protection; The “house of Islam,” a term for the Islamic world.

Legendary king of the Mesopotamian city-state of Uruk (ca. 3000 b.c.e.), subject of the Epic of _______ world's oldest complete epic literary masterpiece.

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force; Term associated with the expansion of European powers and their conquest and colonization of African and Asian societies, mainly from the sixteenth through the nineteenth century.

encompasses a wide range of areas like political organizations, philosophies, revolutionaries and movements which had the common aim of ending the company rule (East India Company), and then British imperial authority, in parts of South Asia. The independence movement saw various national and regional campaigns, agitations and efforts, some nonviolent and others not so. Characterized by the main motivations and actions of Gandhi and the non-violence movement

founder of modern communism; wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels in 1848; wrote Das Kapital in 1867 (1818-1883)

Forerunner of the United Nations, the dream of American president Woodrow Wilson, although its potential was severely limited by the refusal of the United States to join. Created after WWI.

about 1000-1300 CE, process of global climate change causing temperatures to decline significantly and abruptly throughout the world; agriculture reduced with lower temperatures, shorter growing seasons, leading to famine and starvation in the cities; agriculture reduction in the north leads to movement of Vikings from Scandinavia where they begin to raid cities

a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans. Commonly, the disease is transmitted by a bite from an infected mosquito, which introduces the organisms from its saliva into a person's circulatory system. In the blood, the parasites travel to the liver to mature and reproduce.

Philosophy that attempted to merge certain basic elements of Confucian and Buddhist thought; the Chinese thinker Zhu Xi (1130–1200) helped introduce the new blended philosphy.

Term referring to the Pacific Ocean basin and its lands.

a war between Great Britain and China that began in 1839 as a conflict over the opium trade and ended in 1842 with the Chinese cession of Hong Kong to the British, the opening of five Chinese ports to foreign merchants, and the grant of other commercial and diplomatic privileges in the Treaty of Nanking.

Powerful Turkish empire that lasted from the conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 until 1918 and reached its peak during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566).

The practice of herding animals over land possibly from place to place nomadically or staying on pasture land nearby a village or settlement

In the colonial castas system of Spanish America and Spanish Philippines, was a Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies.

an economy based on agricultural mass production, usually of a few commodity crops grown on large farms. these economies rely on the export of cash crops as a source of income.

one of the two main branches of Islam, followed especially in Iran, that rejects the first three Sunni caliphs and regards Ali, the fourth caliph, as Muhammad's first true successor. Islamic minority in opposition to the Sunni majority; their belief is that leadership should reside in the line descended from Ali.

monarchical form of government in which the monarch has absolute power among his or her people. An absolute monarch wields unrestricted political power over the sovereign state and its people.; Political philosophy that stressed the divine right theory of kings

Leader of the Mauryan Empire of India that encouraged conversion to Buddhism

Leader of Nazi Germany and main proponent of the ideas of German Fascism leading the movement for the creation of a greater German state under the policy of Anschluss and main architect of the ideas of anti-Semitism and the Holocaust

a series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled.

Navigational instrument for determining latitude. It helps expand maritime exploration

African peoples who originally lived in the area of present-day Nigeria; around 2000 b.c.e. they began a centuries-long migration that took them to most of sub-Saharan Africa; they were very influential, especially linguistically and diffusion of crops & technology

also known as the Congo Conference" or West Africa Conference, regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power.

head of state of the Islamic empires; means “successor” or “deputy” in Arabic;it becomes term for Islamic Empire with a religious leader. A new type of state organization that emerges in era 3

An economic system with origins in early modern Europe in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market

a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower; examples are tobacco, cotton, sugar and other crops often found in the new plantation economies of the Americas

Philosophy, based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Kong Fuzi (551–479 b.c.e.), or ________, that emphasizes order, the role of the gentleman, obligation to society, and reciprocity.

Concept associated with the United States and specifically with the Truman Doctrine during the cold war that revolved around the notion that the United States would contain the spread of communism.

written proclaiming the equality of all men, sovereignty of the people, and individual rights to liberty, property, and security (France); Document from the French Revolution (1789) that was influenced by the American Declaration of Independence and in turn influenced other revolutionary movements.

Ottoman requirement that the Christians in the Balkans provide young boys to be slaves of the sultan.

Major political unit in which the metropolis or single sovereign authority, exercises control over territory of great extent or a number of territories or peoples through formal annexation or various forms of informal domination

a natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.

Military structure created over centuries in the North of China to protect against nomadic military tribes of peoples

First slave revolt in history successful in overthrowing government, and first independent nation in Latin America, Sought independence and equality of all men overthrowing the traditional upper classes

well developed trade network in northern Europe along the Baltic and North Seas; Association of trading cities from Novgorod to London; connected with trading cities in Central Europe which were further connected to the markets of the Mediterranean; dominated trade in furs, grains, timber, fish and pitch;

German theologian who led the Reformation; believed that salvation is granted on the basis of faith rather than deeds (1483-1546)

describes Australia's previous approach to immigration which favored applicants from certain countries. The first Act of Parliament passed after Federation was the Immigration Restriction Act (1901), better known as the ______________