All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

These were laws that made it illegal for African Americans to live or work in certain areas and allowed whites to arrest African Americans who were not working. Once arrested they would be forcibly assigned to work for white landowners.

Northerners who migrated to the mostly destroyed post-war south to make large profits and/or help freedmen were known as

After an electoral dispute resulting in the Compromise of 1877, it was agreed that Rutherford B. Hayes would become President if

Many southern states passed laws after the Compromise of 1877. The laws that legalized the segregation of whites and blacks were called

What was the outcome of the U.S. Supreme Court decision Plessy vs. Ferguson?

Which of these occurred as a result of the Fifteenth Amendment?

What do the 14th Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 have in common?

Which term refers to the post-Civil War agriculture system where a property owner supplied acreage, tools, and seed to a landless farmer, who then gave the owner a percentage of all he grew?

What required money to be paid in order to register to vote and was used to prevent African Americans from voting in the South?

Southern states passed the codes described in this excerpt in order to -

The measures in this list are examples of ways southern states weakened the effects of the-

The white terrorist group that attacked Blacks and white republicans to restore Democratic control in the South was the--

What does this photo say about how newly freed slaves were treated after Reconstruction?

What type of education did Washington think would assist African Americans the most give the climate of his time?

To those of the white race who look to the incoming of those of foreign birth and strange tongue and habits for the prosperity of the South, were I permitted I would repeat what I say to my own race, “Cast down your bucket where you are.” Cast it down among the eight millions of Negroes whose habits you know, whose fidelity and love you have tested in days when to have proved treacherous meant the ruin of your firesides.

--Booker T. Washington “Atlanta Compromise Speech” 1895.

In the address above, Washington is advocating for the United States

Who is W.E.B. DuBois?

The object of the (14th) amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but, in the nature of things, it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political, equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either. Laws permitting, and even requiring, their separation in places where they are liable to be brought into contact do not necessarily imply the inferiority of either race to the other….

We think the enforced separation of the races,….neither abridges the privileges or immunities of the colored man, deprives him of his property without due process of law, nor denies him the equal protection of the laws within the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment.

— United States Supreme Court, 1896

In this 1896 decision, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of