. . . And with regard to my factual reporting of the events of the war I have made it a principle not to write down the first story that came my way, and not even to be guided by my own general impressions; either I was present myself at the events which I have described or else I heard of them from eye-witnesses whose reports I have checked with as much thoroughness as possible. Not that even so the truth was easy to discover: different eye-witnesses give different accounts of the same events, speaking out of partiality [favor] for one side or the other or else from imperfect memories. . . .

—Thucydides: History of the Peloponnesian War

According to Thucydides, what makes his job as a historian more difficult?

Patterns of high population density have most often been associated with

. . . A separate consequence of a settled existence is that it permits one to store food surpluses, since storage would be pointless if one didn’t remain nearby to guard the stored food. While some nomadic hunter-gatherers may occasionally bag more food than they can consume in a few days, such a bonanza is of little use to them because they cannot protect it. But stored food is essential for feeding non-food-producing specialists, and certainly for supporting whole towns of them. Hence nomadic hunter-gatherer societies have few or no such full-time specialists, who instead first appear in sedentary [settled] societies. . . .

— Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel 4 Which major change in history is most closely associated with the information presented in this passage?

Which geographic factor influenced the development of independent city-states in ancient Greece?

Based on the information on this map, which location represents the easternmost spread of Buddhism from its starting point of expansion? (1) Korea (3) Yun-gang (2) Japan (4) Chang’an

Which trade route linked the Byzantine Empire and Kievan Russia to China?

Which trait is a characteristic of serfdom?

The Crusades are considered a turning point in history because they

Most of which continent came under Mongol influence and rule?

The decision to end Zheng He’s voyages is considered a turning point in the history of Ming China because this action

Which technology, first developed by the Chinese, enabled the Ottoman Empire to expand into western Asia, Europe, and northern Africa?

Which geographic feature had the greatest influence on the pre-Columbian development of the Inca Empire?

What was a major result of the European policy of mercantilism in Latin America?

Spanish is the dominant language in much of Central and South America, and French is a dominant language in West Africa. What caused these languages to be spoken in those areas?

• A caravan travels across the desert.

• The value of gold drops in Cairo.

• The emperor worships in Mecca.

Which event in African history is most closely associated with these statements?

During the Renaissance, the role of the individual as well as the study of Latin and Greek classics, moral philosophy, and history were closely associated with

• Five Relationships

• Code of Chivalry

• Bushido

One similarity between these terms is that they all