Congressmen who advocated full citizenship rights for African Americans along with a harsh Reconstruction policy towards the South.

This bill required that a majority of prewar voters in the Confederate states swear loyalty to the Union before restoration could began. President Lincoln used a "pocket veto" to keep this bill from becoming law.

A federal agency designed to aid freed slaves and poor white farmers in the South after the Civil War. They provided food, clothing, education, reunited families, negotiated contracts, and helped to represent African Americans in court.

This person was the Vice President when Lincoln was President. He became President after Lincoln was assassinated. He was a Southerner. He resented wealthy planters. He did not sympathize with the plight of African Americans.

These were laws that restricted African Americans' rights and opportunities. They set up vagrancy laws, limited African Americans to labor or domestic jobs, and allowed jobless African Americans to be arrested and sent to prison for labor.

This law established federal guarantees of civil rights for all citizens.

1868 constitutional amendment which defined citizen ship and guaranteed citizens equal protection under the law.

An accusation against a public official of wrongdoing in office. This was used in an attempt by Radical Republicans to remove President Johnson from office.

1870 constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous conditions of servitude.

A negative term for a southern white who supported the Republican Party during Reconstruction.

A negative term for Northerners who moved to the South for political or economic opportunity during Reconstruction.

Forced separation, often by raced. It was used to keep blacks and whites separated in the South, especially in public spaces like schools.

The process of bringing people of different races, religions, and social classes together.

An agricultural system used in the south in which a farmer tended a portion of a planter's land in return for a share of the crop. Often kept the farmer in a perpetual state of debt.

An agricultural system used in the South where the farmer could choose what crop he would plant. The farmer had to buy most of his supplies.

An organization that emerged during Reconstruction that promoted hatred and discrimination against specific ethnic and religious groups.

An agricultural system in which a farmer paid rent to a landowner for the use of the land. This was the most independent system of farming during the Reconstruction era.

Laws passed from 1870-1871 that made it a federal offense to interfere with a citizens' right to vote.

Segregation laws enacted in the South AFTER Reconstruction.

The term given to white southern Democrats who returned to power after 1870.

This presidential candidate won the disputed election of 1876 which led to the Compromise of 1877.

A sum of money that had to be paid before a person could vote. Often used as a way to keep African Americans and poor whites from voting in the South.

A reading and writing test formerly used in some southern states to prevent African Americans from voting.

This was a law to disqualify African American voters by allowing the vote only to men whose fathers and grandfathers voted before 1867.

This law banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation.

This person was the most famous African American leader during the 19th century. He was born a slave. He argued that African Americans needed to accommodate themselves to segregation and focus their energy on building up their own economic resources and own communities.

This person advocated for African Americans demanding full and immediate equality and not limit themselves to vocational education. He opposed Booker T. Washington.

She was an African American woman who fought for justice and used her newspaper to condemn violence against African Americans, especially lynching. She was born a slave and later worked as a schoolteacher.