A form of graph in which numeric values are represented by horizontal or vertical rectangles, used to display categorical data.

Each location on a contingency table, representing the value of two categorical variables.

Displays counts and, sometimes, percentages of individuals falling into named categories on two or more variables; categorizes the individuals on all variables at once, to reveal possible patterns in one variable that may be contingent on the category of the other.

A table that lists the categories in a categorical variable and gives the number of observations for each category.

Variables for which the conditional distribution of one variable is the same for each category of the other.

Distribution of values of that variable among all individuals described by the table, found in the margin.

Shows how a "whole" divides into categories by showing a wedge of a circle whose area corresponds to the proportion in each category.

the proportion of each row contained in the cell of a frequency table

displays the conditional distribution of a categorical variable within each category of another variable

when averages are taken across different groups, they can appear to contradict the overall averages