a set of frequencies of electromagnetic waves given off by atoms of an element; consists of a series of fine lines of individual colors

a three-dimensional region around the nucleus of an atom that describes an electron's probable location

states that each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital available

predicts that all moving particles have wave characteristics and relates each particle's wavelength to its frequency, its mass, and Planck's constant

a form of energy exhibiting wavelike behavior as it travels through space; can be described by wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed

includes all forms of electromagnetic radiation, with the only differences in the types of radiation being their frequencies and wavelengths

the arrangement of electrons in an atom, which is prescribed by three rules--the Aufbau principle, the Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule

consists of an element's symbol, representing the atomic nucleus and inner-level electrons, that is surrounded by dots, representing the atom's valence electrons

the energy levels contained within a principal energy level

the number of waves that pass a given point per second

the lowest allowable energy state of an atom

states that it is not possible to know precisely both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time

states that single electrons with the same spin must occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional electrons with opposite spins can occupy the same orbitals

states that a maximum of two electrons can occupy a single atomic orbital but only if the electrons have opposite spins

a phenomenon in which photoelectrons are emitted from a metal's surface when light of a certain frequency shines on the surface

a particle of electromagnetic radiation with no mass that carries a quantum of energy

represented by the symbol h; equal to 6.626 × 10^-34 J•s, where J is the symbol for the joule

the major energy levels of an atom

assigned by the quantum mechanical model to indicate the relative sizes and energies of atomic orbitals; represented by the symbol n

the minimum amount of energy that can be gained or lost by an atom

an atomic model in which electrons are treated as waves; also called the wave mechanical model of the atom

the number assigned to each orbit of an electron

the electrons in an atom's outermost orbitals; determine the chemical properties of an element

the shortest distance between equivalent points on a continuous wave; is usually expressed in meters centimeters, or nanometers