WorksheetsAP Psychology Unit 7
Total questions: 79
Worksheet time: 40mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
Scientists are trained to carefully observe and record any research outcomes that are inconsistent with their hypotheses. This practice most directly serves to reduce
a)
confirmation bias.
b)
the framing effect.
c)
functional fixedness.
d)
heuristics
2.
The earliest stage of speech development is called the ________ stage.
a)
grammatical
b)
one-word
c)
telegraphic speech
d)
babbling
3.
Which of the following is the best example of framing?
a)
Alex was locked out of his car. He didn't think to use a coat hanger to unlock the door before calling the police.
b)
Zach felt very certain that he knew all the concepts in Chapter 2, so he was surprised to get 65 percent on the exam.
c)
Despite reading several research studies demonstrating that therapeutic touch is no more effective than a placebo in treating pain, Miriam still considers it a valid treatment option.
d)
A television advertisement for lotion claims that it is made of 75 percent organic materials, not that it contains 25 percent artificial ingredients.
4.
The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their normal uses is called
a)
functional fixedness.
b)
belief perseverance.
c)
the representativeness heuristic.
d)
confirmation bias.
5.
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called ________ memory.
a)
state-dependent
b)
long-term
c)
implicit
d)
flashbulb
6.
The representativeness heuristic can produce faulty estimates if:
a)
We generalize our views to other, nonrepresentativeness heuristics
b)
The representativeness algorithm does not match the representativeness heuristic
c)
Possible variations in the prototype are considered
d)
We fail to consider the approximate number of prototypes that actually exist
7.
The term used to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge is:
a)
Cognition
b)
Learning
c)
Perception
d)
Sensation
8.
A dessert recipe that gives you the ingredients, their amounts and the steps to follow is an example of a(n):
a)
Prototype
b)
Algorithm
c)
Heuristic
d)
Mental set
9.
The term used to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge is:
a)
Cognition
b)
Learning
c)
Perception
d)
Sensation
10.
When Janice forgot to pack a pillow for her camping trip she used her down-jacket as a substitute pillow. In this situation Janice:
a)
Was not constrained by functional fixedness
b)
Was constrained by a mental set
c)
Was constrained by functional fixedness
d)
Used an algorithm to solve her problem
11.
A dessert recipe that gives you the ingredients, their amounts and the steps to follow is an example of a(n):
a)
Prototype
b)
Algorithm
c)
Heuristic
d)
Mental set
12.
Which of the following is an example of the use of heuristics?
a)
Trying every possible combination of letters when unscrambling a word
b)
Considering each possible move when playing chess
c)
Using the formula “area=length x width” to find the area of a rectangle
d)
Playing chess using a defensive strategy that has often been successful for you
13.
Stockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrates:
a)
The representativeness heuristic
b)
The framing effect
c)
Overconfidence
d)
Belief perseverance
14.
A prototype is a:
a)
Step-by-step procedure for
solving problems
b)
Mental grouping of similar
objects, events or people
c)
Best example of a
particular category
d)
Simple thinking strategy for
solving problems efficiently
15.
A, an and ill are all examples of:
a)
Phonemes
b)
Morphemes
c)
Syntax
d)
Grammar
16.
Airline reservations typically decline after a highly publicized airplane crash because people overestimate the incidence of such disasters. In such instances, people’s decisions are being influenced by:
a)
Belief bias
b)
The availability heuristic
c)
The representativeness heuristic
d)
Functional fixedness
17.
Most people tend to:
a)
Accurately estimate the accuracy of their knowledge and judgments
b)
Underestimate the accuracy of their knowledge and judgments
c)
Overestimate the accuracy of their knowledge and judgments
d)
Lack confidence in their decision-making strategies
18.
With regards to ground beef, consumers respond more positively to an ad describing it as “75 percent lean” than to one referring to its “25 percent fat” content. This is an example of:
a)
The framing effect
b)
Confirmation bias
c)
Mental set
d)
Overconfidence
19.
Which one of the following illustrates belief perseverance?
a)
Your belief remains intact even in
the face of evidence to the contrary
b)
You refuse to listen to arguments counter to
your beliefs
c)
You tend to become flustered and angered when
your beliefs are refuted
d)
You tend to search for information that
supports your beliefs
20.
The rules most directly involved in permitting a person to derive meaning from words and sentences are rules of:
a)
Syntax
b)
Grammar
c)
Phonemic structure
d)
Semantics
21.
The child who says “milk gone” is engaging in ____________. This type of utterance demonstrates that children are actively experimenting with the rules of ____________.
a)
Babbling; syntax
b)
Telegraphic speech; syntax
c)
Babbling; semantics
d)
Telegraphic speech; semantics
22.
Skinner and other behaviorists have argued that language development is the result of:
a)
Imitation
b)
Reinforcement
c)
Association
d)
All of the above
23.
Which of the following is not cited by Chomsky as evidence that language acquisition cannot be explained by learning alone?
a)
Children master the complicated rules of
grammar with ease
b)
Children create sentences that they have
never heard
c)
Children make the kinds of mistakes that
suggest they are attempting to apply the rules of grammar
d)
Children raised in isolation from
language spontaneously begin speaking words
24.
Whorf’s linguistic determination hypothesis states that:
a)
Language is primarily a learned ability
b)
Language is partially an innate ability
c)
The size of a person’s vocabulary reflects
his or her intelligence
d)
Our language shapes our thinking
25.
Any system that encodes, stores and retrieves information
a)
Chunking
b)
Memory
c)
Sensory experience
d)
Rehearsal
26.
Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 memory tasks?
a)
Encoding
b)
Storage
c)
Rehearsal
d)
Retrieval
27.
Preserves brief sensory impression for only a fraction of a second.
a)
Sensory Memory
b)
Working Memory
c)
Short-Term Memory
d)
Long-Term Memory
28.
Retention of encoded material over time.
a)
Encoding
b)
Storage
c)
Rehearsal
d)
Retrieval
29.
Part of LTM that stores memories of how things are done.
a)
Declarative memory
b)
Acoustic memory
Elaborative memory
Elaborative memory
c)
Acoustic memory
d)
Procedural memory
30.
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information is defined as
a)
proactive interference
b)
retroactive interference
31.
According to the serial position effect, you will remember more:
a)
items at the beginning and end of a list, than in the middle.
b)
nitems in the middle of a list, than at the beginning and end.
c)
vocabulary words if you process them visually.
d)
nvocabulary words if you process them acoustically.
32.
Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the:
a)
amygdala.
b)
hypothalamus.
c)
sensory cortex.
d)
motor cortex.
33.
Priming refers to:
a)
the sense that one has been in a particular situation before.
b)
better recall for experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood.
c)
attributing a memory to an erroneous source.
d)
the activation of associations in memory.
34.
We have all had the experience of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. We are asked to remember someone’s name. We are certain that we know the name and feel as if we are just about to remember it, yet it remains elusive. What type of forgetting might be at work here?
a)
encoding failure
b)
retroactive interference
c)
retrieval failure
d)
motivated forgetting
35.
The reason most North Americans cannot accurately describe the head of a penny is due to:
a)
storage decay.
b)
retrieval failure.
c)
encoding failure.
d)
motivated forgetting.
36.
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin’s classic three-stage model of memory includes all of the following, EXCEPT:
a)
short-term memory
b)
long-term memory
c)
flashbulb memory
d)
sensory memory
37.
During her evening Spanish language exam, Janica so easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates:
a)
the spacing effect.
b)
proactive interference.
c)
retroactive interference.
d)
state-dependent memory.
38.
A defense attorney emphasizes to a jury that her client works full-time, supports his family, and enjoys leisure-time hobbies. Although none of this information is relevant to the trial, it is designed to make the defendant appear to be a typical member of the local community. The lawyer is most clearly attempting to take advantage
a)
confirmation bias.
b)
functional fixedness.
c)
belief perseverance.
d)
the representativeness heuristic.
39.
Advertisers know that a thirty-three percent discount sounds like a better deal than a discount of one third. This best illustrates:
a)
framing.
b)
belief bias.
c)
representativeness heuristics.
d)
confirmation bias.
40.
Maintaining one's conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited is known as:
a)
the representativeness heuristic.
b)
belief perseverance.
c)
confirmation bias.
d)
functional fixedness.
41.
In English, it is appropriate to refer to “a pretty bird,” but not to “a bird pretty.” This best illustrates the importance of:
a)
syntax.
b)
semantics.
c)
morphemes.
d)
phonemes.
42.
Working memory is also known as
a)
long term memory
b)
short term memory
c)
sensory memory
d)
forgotten memory
43.
During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of
a)
automatic processing.
b)
priming.
c)
the serial position effect.
d)
the spacing effect.
44.
In an effort to remember how to spell “rhinoceros,” Samantha spells the word aloud 30 times. She is using a technique known as
a)
priming
b)
rehearsal
c)
the peg-word system
d)
chunking
45.
Students who restudy course material at the end of a semester in order to pass the AP final exam are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates the value of
a)
implicit memory
b)
the serial position effect
c)
long-term potentation
d)
the spacing effect
46.
“The magical number seven, plus or minus two” refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory.
a)
short-term
b)
explicit
c)
implicit
d)
sensory
47.
Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ________; matching concepts with their definitions measures ________.
a)
recall; recognition
b)
recognition; relearning
c)
recall; relearning
d)
recognition; rehearsal
48.
The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by
a)
repression.
b)
encoding failure.
c)
retrieval failure.
d)
a physical decay of stored memory.
49.
After studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material that he memorized that morning. Alonzo's difficulty best illustrates
a)
retroactive interference.
b)
proactive interference.
c)
source amnesia.
d)
the spacing effect.
50.
When someone mentions Ivy League colleges, Trisha immediately thinks of Harvard University. In this instance, Harvard University is a
a)
prototype.
b)
mental set.
c)
algorithm.
d)
fixation.
51.
A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of
a)
an algorithm.
b)
the availability heuristic.
c)
functional fixedness.
d)
belief perseverance.
52.
The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to
a)
save time in arriving at solutions to problems.
b)
avoid the issue of functional fixedness.
c)
yield more accurate solutions to problems.
d)
involve greater reliance on language skills.
53.
Daniel was asked to write down as many words as he could think of that contained the letter d. To complete this task Daniel would rely on
a)
the availability heuristic.
b)
divergent thinking.
c)
framing.
d)
convergent thinking.
54.
The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their normal uses is called
a)
functional fixedness.
b)
belief perseverance.
c)
the representativeness heuristic.
d)
confirmation bias.
55.
Jerome believes that his 4-year-old grandson is a hyperactive child because the boy's constant movement resembles Jerome's prototype of hyperactivity. Jerome's thinking best illustrates
a)
belief perseverance.
b)
the availability heuristic.
c)
the representativeness heuristic.
d)
functional fixedness.
56.
Which of the following is the best example of framing?
a)
Alex was locked out of his car. He didn't think to use a coat hanger to unlock the door before calling the police.
b)
Zach felt very certain that he knew all the concepts in Chapter 2, so he was surprised to get 65 percent on the exam.
c)
Despite reading several research studies demonstrating that therapeutic touch is no more effective than a placebo in treating pain, Miriam still considers it a valid treatment option.
d)
A television advertisement for lotion claims that it is made of 75 percent organic materials, not that it contains 25 percent artificial ingredients.
57.
Jerome believes that his 4-year-old grandson is a hyperactive child because the boy's constant movement resembles Jerome's prototype of hyperactivity. Jerome's thinking best illustrates
a)
belief perseverance.
b)
the availability heuristic.
c)
the representativeness heuristic.
d)
functional fixedness.
58.
Jerome believes that his 4-year-old grandson is a hyperactive child because the boy's constant movement resembles Jerome's prototype of hyperactivity. Jerome's thinking best illustrates
a)
belief perseverance.
b)
the availability heuristic.
c)
the representativeness heuristic.
d)
functional fixedness.
59.
Which of the following is the best example of framing?
a)
Alex was locked out of his car. He didn't think to use a coat hanger to unlock the door before calling the police.
b)
Zach felt very certain that he knew all the concepts in Chapter 2, so he was surprised to get 65 percent on the exam.
c)
Despite reading several research studies demonstrating that therapeutic touch is no more effective than a placebo in treating pain, Miriam still considers it a valid treatment option.
d)
A television advertisement for lotion claims that it is made of 75 percent organic materials, not that it contains 25 percent artificial ingredients.
60.
The various vowel sounds that can be placed between a t and an n produce words such as tan, ten, tin, and ton. These various vowel sounds represent different
a)
prototypes.
b)
semantics.
c)
morphemes.
d)
phonemes.
61.
In the words “helped” and “called,” the “ed” ending is a(n)
a)
prototype.
b)
morpheme.
c)
syntax.
d)
algorithm.
62.
A European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver, “Can you please a ride to the airport me give?” This visitor has apparently not yet mastered the ________ of the English language.
a)
phonemes
b)
semantics
c)
syntax
d)
nomenclature
63.
The earliest stage of speech development is called the ________ stage.
a)
grammatical
b)
one-word
c)
telegraphic speech
d)
babbling
64.
Chomsky suggested that as a child first begins hearing language, appropriate settings or standards regarding the rules of that language are activated in the child's
a)
category hierarchy.
b)
linguistic prototype.
c)
linguistic prototype.
d)
language acquisition device.
65.
A mental grouping of similar things, events or people is called a(n):
a)
Prototype
b)
Concept
c)
Algorithm
d)
Heuristic
66.
Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to:
a)
Allow preexisting beliefs to distort logical
reasoning
b)
Cling to one’s initial conceptions after the
basis on which they were formed has been discredited
c)
Search randomly through alternative solutions
when problem solving
d)
Look for information that is
consistent with one’s beliefs
67.
Mental sets and functional fixedness are types of:
a)
Algorithms
b)
Heuristics
c)
Fixation
d)
Insight
68.
A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how easily other instances of the event are available in memory is called the:
a)
Availability heuristic
b)
Availability algorithm
c)
Representativeness heuristic
d)
Representativeness algorithm
69.
The term used to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge is:
a)
Cognition
b)
Learning
c)
Perception
d)
Sensation
70.
Stockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrates:
a)
The representativeness heuristic
b)
The framing effect
c)
Overconfidence
d)
Belief perseverance
71.
Rudy is 6 feet tall, weighs 210 pounds, and is very muscular. If you think that Rudy is more likely to be a basketball player than a computer programmer , you are a victim of:
a)
Belief bias
b)
The availability heuristic
c)
A mental set
d)
The representativeness heuristic
72.
Airline reservations typically decline after a highly publicized airplane crash because people overestimate the incidence of such disasters. In such instances, people’s decisions are being influenced by:
a)
Belief bias
b)
The availability heuristic
c)
The representativeness heuristic
d)
Functional fixedness
73.
Which one of the following illustrates belief perseverance?
a)
Your belief remains intact even in
the face of evidence to the contrary
b)
You refuse to listen to arguments counter to
your beliefs
c)
You tend to become flustered and angered when
your beliefs are refuted
d)
You tend to search for information that
supports your beliefs
74.
With regards to ground beef, consumers respond more positively to an ad describing it as “75 percent lean” than to one referring to its “25 percent fat” content. This is an example of:
a)
The framing effect
b)
Confirmation bias
c)
Mental set
d)
Overconfidence
75.
A person who hears a recording of Japanese, Spanish and North American children babbling would:
a)
Not be able to tell them apart
b)
Be able to tell them apart if they were older
than 6 months
c)
Be
able to tell them apart if they were older than 8 to 10 months
d)
Be able to tell them apart at any age
76.
The child who says “milk gone” is engaging in ____________. This type of utterance demonstrates that children are actively experimenting with the rules of ____________.
a)
Babbling; syntax
b)
Telegraphic speech; syntax
c)
Babbling; semantics
d)
Telegraphic speech; semantics
77.
The linguistic determinism hypothesis is challenged by the finding that:
a)
Chimps can learn to communicate spontaneously
by using sign language
b)
People with no word for a certain
color can still perceive that color accurately
c)
The
Eskimo language contains a number of words for snow, whereas English has only
one
d)
Infants’ babbling contains many phonemes that
do not occur in their own language and that they therefore cannot have heard
78.
The chimpanzee Sultan used a short stick to pull a longer stick into his cage. He then used the longer stick to reach a piece of fruit. Researchers hypothesized that Sultan’s discovery of the solution to his problem was the result of:
a)
Trial and error
b)
Heuristics
c)
Insight
d)
Mental set
79.
Combining bits of information into a small number of familiar or manageable groups that can be stored in long-term memory and remembered more easily.
a)
chunking
b)
decay
c)
mnemonics
d)
interference
100 %
