The OSI model is made up of _____ ordered layers

_______ the network model for Microsoft computers.

Layer 3 uses the services provided by ______

A network model usually consists of _______

The communication between same layers are governed by an agreed upon series of rules and conventions called ______

Each layer of a model represents specific ________

The processes on each machine that communicate at a given layer are called ________ processes.

A layer is normally a collection of _______

The physical layer communication is _____

There are a number of different network models. Some of these models relate to a specific _______

Each layer in the sending machine adds its own information to the message it receives from the layer above it, This information is added in the form of ______

________simply describe the process of networking

______ are added to the data at layers 6, 5, 4, 3, and 2

Two reasons why layering is important is modularity and _____

Trailers are usually added only at layer ______

Peer-to-peer processes execute layer-n protocol to provide service to layer- _____

The machine passing of the data and network information down through the layers of the receiving machine is made possible by a/n ______.

Layer-n peers exchange _____ to effect transfer

Layers ________ are the network support layers: they deal with the physical aspects of moving data from one device to another.

Actual communication is made possible by using communication _______

Layers ________can be thought of as user support layers: they allow inter-operability among unrelated software systems

PROTOCOL LAYERING is applied when communication is _______

_______ layer ensures end-to-end reliable data transmission.

1.The two objects under each layer at both sides should be _________

_______ layer ensures reliable transmission on a node to node link

_______communication is an imaginary connection at each layer through which they can send the object created from these layers

______ layer is mostly hardware

The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having _____ layers

The upper OSI layers are almost always implemented in _______.

A set of protocols organized in different layers

Lower layers are a combination of _______

Each upper level protocol is supported by the services provided by one or more lower level protocols

Upon reaching the destination, the signal passes into layer 1 and is transformed back into _____

Most local-area networks use a ______ physical address

The _______ layer deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of the interface and transmission medium

The _________ addresses will change from hop to hop

In a _______ configuration, a link is shared between several devices

a port address is a ________

The data-link layer divides the stream of bits received from the network layer into manageable data units called _______

A general phrase for software that is designed to help set up, manage, and/or monitor computer networks

The ______ layer adds a header to the packet coming from the upper layer that includes the logical addresses of the sender and receiver

_____ provides an end-to-end solution to automate the network from data center to campus or branch

Network layer oversees end-to-end delivery of individual ______

Is a phrase used to refer to a variety of computer systems that use more than one computer or processor to run an application

The _______ layer establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interaction between communicating systems

Point-to-point and multipoint is called ______ structure

The _______ layer is connected with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between two systems

The lowest layer of the OSI model is concerned with the transmission and reception of the _______ raw bit-stream over a physical medium.

The _______ layer is connected with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between two systems

The _____ layer enables the user, whether human or software, to access the network

The ______ layer decides the location of synchronization points

Decryption and encryption of data are the responsibility of the ____ layer

Dialog control is the function of the ______ layer

Mail services and directory services are available to network users through the ______ layer.

As the data packet moves from the lower to the upper layers, headers are ______

Data-link layer provides ______ transfer of data frames from one node to another over the physical layer.

_____ layer controls the operation of the subnet, deciding which physical path the data should take based on network conditions, priority service, and other factors.

Ensures that messages are delivered error-free, in sequence and with no losses or duplications

Layer that formats data to be presented to the application layer