When the exact opposite of what is expected happens

When a character believes something and the opposite is true. The audience knows more than the character.

A word, phrase, or statement which contains more than one meaning and leads to confusion and vagueness.

When two statements do not agree with each other

Delicate hints or clues for the reader in the text; often difficult to perceive or understand, and may foreshadow

Writing that imitates a literary work in order to illustrate its shortcomings

To present the opposite of the normal order

Very different from everything around it to the point of being inappropriate to the situation

A means of convincing an audience of the reliable character or credibility of the speaker/writer, or the credibility of the argument

An appeal to logic and reason. It is used to persuade an audience by logical thought, fact, and rationality

Appeal to emotions

Provoking an emotional response in the reader or audience