Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.

a new method of production that used division of labor and one would specialize in one job all day

Dual monarchy that ruled over many ethnic groups. Nationalism caused tension within the empire such as Bosnian Serbs fighting to join the nation of Serbia.

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa-no Africans were involved in this meeting

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Governments in northern Europe, especially in Britain, built these man-made waterways in the 1700s and 1800s to benefit commerce. It contributed to the rise of industrialization.

He is known as the "Father of Computers." He developed this Engine and the Analytical Engine. These two machines were powered by steam to move the punch cards and operate the gears. His ideas were later used to design calculators and computers.

a combustible black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter, found mainly in underground deposits and widely used as fuel in steam engines.

a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.

This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes.

goods made by hand in the home

Became the #1 Cash Crop in the United States.

Eli Whitney's invention that removed seeds from cotton faster than any man, at least ten times more; it called for more production, meaning more slaves

Photographic Process created by a French inventor in 1839, in which a picture made on a silver surface sensitized with iodine was developed by exposure to mercury vapor.

A British medical missionary who trekked through the dense tropical jungles of Africa for 30 years exploring the continent and looking for the source of the Nile River (Lake Victoria). He wanted to abolish slavery.

It fell behind the industrial and political developments in Western Europe and America. Nationalism helped tear it into smaller nations.

European countries sent their own citizens to govern colonies

When workers devote their energies to a single component of a productive task, they can produce more goods than if each performed the tasks.

American inventor of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts

Economic, political, religious, exploratory, ideological

An economic system in which the government has very little interference when it comes to business decisions.

British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions into the heart of Africa. He helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State.

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

European countries allowed natives of the colony to govern the colony under the direction of the European country

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in England in the mid-1700s

The process of transitioning to using machines to make goods.

Eli Whitney's invention first used for weaponry. Allowed for parts of weapons to be replaced without getting a new weapon. Led to assembly line and gave US factory systems fame

He invented a simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine in 1765 called the spinning jenny.

He invented a more efficient steam engine, patented in 1769 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power.

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Asked Stanley to help him obtain land in the Congo; he claimed he wanted to abolish the slave trade and promote Christianity, however, he licensed companies to exploit Africans; 10 million died from the abuses he inflicted

Indigenous African ruler who encountered Henry Stanley & his men along the Congo River

literally "hands off" capitalism, meaning that the government doesn't interfere in the market

Buyers for finished products

Advocacy of or support for the political independence of a particular nation or people and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

Started canning food in glass bottles sterilized in boiling water

A process developed by a French chemist who discovered that heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer.

a loom operated mechanically, run by water putting the loom side by side wit hthe spinning machines in factories, changed workers job from running it to watching it, Invented in 1787, invented by Edward Cartwright , it sped up the production of textiles

Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.

Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.

the basic material from which a product is made.

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed.

(1864-1936) English writer and poet; defined the "white man's burden" as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands. Also wrote "The Jungle Book"

A device that used electrical signals to send messages quickly over long distances

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

Leader of Zulu people, Around 1816 used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state. The Zulu land became part of British-controlled land in 1887.

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities.

heat engine that performs mechanical work basically with the power of boiling water; it also powered factories and many other inventions.

Robert Fulton's invention that increased trade and transport, namely in Mississippi

invention of Samuel B. Morse that kept the US closer by letting people communicate to others that were miles away

The model for industrial factories was the production of these fabrics

Notions of strong nationalism helped both countries unite into a nation-state in the late 1800's; wanted to prove their strength through imperialism (nationalistic)

movement of people who were displaced from their jobs, from rural areas (country) to the cities

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those they saw as less civilized