the pope who wanted to make the Church independent of secular rulers

Holy Roman Emperor, he fought against Pope Gregory VII over the power to choose church officials.

a group of people who dedicate their lives to religion and follow common rules

Italian monk who founded the Franciscan order; he devoted his life to serving the poor and sick.

argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument.

a member of a Turkish people that controlled central and western Asia from the 11th to the 13th century

one of the expeditions in which medieval Christian warriors sought to recover control of the Holy Land from the Muslims

(1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

a Church court set up to try people accused of heresy

disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas.

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.

French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king

a large bow used for firing feathered arrows

King of England who raised taxes and punished his enemies without a trial. He is best known for being forced to sign the Magna Carta.

the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215

A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation

An order to produce an arrested person before a judge.

Founder of the Ottoman Empire.

a legislative body, council chamber, or court of justice in the Ottoman Empire or elsewhere in the Middle East.

Ottoman ruler, he governed the empire at its height

A slave soldier of the Ottoman Army