Which of the following is NOT a type of nonfiction text structure?

When non-native species are introduced into new areas, the consequences often include widespread disruption of the native ecosystem. This has happened repeatedly in Australia, where native species evolved in an isolated environment. In the 1920s, several thousand camels were released into the Australian outback. Originally imported to do work, the camels weren't needed once gasoline engines arrived. Because they have no natural predators in Australia, the number of now-wild camels has increased into the hundreds of thousands. The Australian camel herd is now the largest on earth. These camels drink large amounts of water, thus exhausting water holes important to native populations. They also eat so many plants that they leave insufficient food for native birds and reptiles. The native ecosystem simply can't cope with the camels.

Ancient Egypt's history was thousands of years long and involved three major kingdoms with intermediate periods of disorganization in the intervening years. The Old Kingdom ruled Egypt from 2686 to 2181 BCE. During this time, powerful pharaohs completed great pyramids. The kingdom collapsed into chaos and was followed by the First Intermediate Period. In 2055 BCE, the Middle Kingdom arose. It collapsed in 1786 BCE, the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. The New Kingdom, which included King Tutankhamun's short rule, ran from 1567 to 1085 BCE. Egypt never returned to its former glory, and Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquered it in 332 BCE.

Chewing your fingernails can be an issue not only for how your hands look, but for your health, too. Your fingers may become infected, and your teeth may suffer damage. If you want to stop, it's best to address nail biting with a combination of "carrots" (positive rewards) and "sticks" (adverse consequences). For a "stick," you can paint your nails with bitter-tasting nail polish or another bad-tasting substance. You can also try wearing a rubber band around your wrist and snapping the rubber band whenever you're tempted to nibble your nails. As a "carrot," treat yourself to a massage, yoga, or other stress-reducing activities. Once you've succeeded in getting your nails healthy again, it should be easier to remember not to bite them.

People with asthma may experience difficulty breathing due to inflammation, or swelling, of the inner surfaces of their airways (the passageways by which air reaches the lungs). This inflammation makes the passageways sensitive to further irritation. Exposure to substances in the air such as pollen or smoke may then trigger an asthma attack. During an attack, the muscles around the airways contract, narrowing the space through which oxygen can pass. This can prevent oxygen from entering or exiting the lungs properly. Possible symptoms during an attack include shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.

If you think an alligator is the same as a crocodile, think again. It's true that the two types of animals are related, and they look similar. Yet although both are large reptiles with scales and webbed toes, and both live near water in tropical or semitropical areas, there are important differences between them. An alligator lives only in fresh water, while a crocodile can live in brackish, or somewhat salty, water. An alligator's snout is also wider and "U"-shaped, whereas a crocodile's is longer and "V"-shaped. Finally, their behavior differs: it's generally agreed that crocodiles are more aggressive than alligators.

During World War I, British and American warships were at grave risk of German U-boat, or submarine, attacks. Warships were easily visible against the surrounding ocean. So British artist Norman Wilkinson proposed a scheme to address this concern. Rather than trying to hide the ships, he suggested painting them with bright shapes to confuse the enemy. More than a thousand ships were painted with bold patterns, including complex patterns on the bow and stern to confuse onlookers about which end was which. This technique, called dazzle camouflage, may not have actually confused the enemy, but it was effective in making the crews of the "dazzle boats" feel safer.

Everybody gets holey socks. But you don't have to throw them away; try darning instead. Here are quick sock-darning directions. First, gather some cotton thread, lightweight yarn, a lightbulb, a special darning needle, scissors, and a rubber band, plus your holey sock. To begin, put the sock over the bulb so that you can see the hole, and hold it in place with the rubber band. Next, thread the needle and start sewing. You'll sew long stitches back and forth across the hole, all in one direction, filling the hole with thread. Now comes the fun part. Thread the yarn onto a yarn needle and weave it in and out, up and down, through the threads, across the hole in the opposite direction from the threads. This creates a sturdy patch in your sock.

People have different learning styles, and it can be helpful to understand your own. For example, if you're a visual learner who acquires knowledge most easily by reading or seeing, the best study methods for you may be using flash cards, writing things down, or color-coding information to remember it more easily. On the other hand, if you're an auditory learner, you tend to learn best by hearing and listening. If that's the case, you may study more effectively by reading new materials aloud or having someone else read stories, directions, assignments, or questions to you.

American race car driver Danica Patrick got her start racing go-karts. As a teenager, she won national go-kart championships in 1994, 1996, and 1997. When she was sixteen, Patrick moved to Europe to compete in road racing. In 2000, she placed second in the Formula Ford Festival in England. She then returned to the United States and started racing IndyCars. The first time she raced in the celebrated Indianapolis 500, in May 2005, she finished fourth. Patrick began driving the heavier NASCAR stock cars, and in 2013 she placed eighth in NASCAR's famous Daytona 500. Continuing to race and set new records, Danica Patrick has showed no signs of slowing down.

The flying beetle known as the firefly or lightning bug is named for its most noticeable feature: its nighttime bioluminescence, or glow. The firefly's light-producing organ contains calcium, the pigment luciferin, the light-producing enzyme luciferase, and the chemical adenosine triphosphate (ATP). When oxygen is added to this mix, it creates light, and the insect glows. Scientists don't fully understand how the firefly makes its light blink, but one theory is that the firefly turns the light on and off by controlling the input of oxygen into the light-producing organ.

If you ask me, the perfect pizza has a thin crust, but not too thin. Even though I’m from Chicago, I prefer the New York style crust. Your perfect pizza might have tomato sauce on it, but mine has pesto on top of the crust. On the pesto I’d like to see lots of cheese: a full layer of shredded mozzarella and Romano cheese, and on top of the shredded mozzarella, I’d like to see some slices of fresh mozzarella. Now you might think I’m crazy for this one, but I’d really like to see some goat cheese in the crust. To top it all off, I’d like to see it polka-dotted with pepperoni slices. Now that’s what I call a pizza pie.

There are many reasons why people dance. Some people dance for fun, just because they enjoy dancing. At other times, people dance for exercise or for weight loss, because dancing can really get your heart beating. Also, sometimes people dance to try to get boyfriends or girlfriends. Some people think that good dancing is attractive. There are many reasons why people dance.

Hurricanes and tornados are both amazing yet deadly natural phenomena. Both generate deadly conditions, but in different ways. Tornados are likely to damage people and property with their high winds, which go up to 300 miles per hour, but hurricanes are generally more feared for their flooding. Also, hurricanes can produce tornados, which makes them quite dangerous indeed.

Have you ever wondered what the inside of a volcano looks like? Deep underground is a magma chamber. The magma chamber is under the bedrock of the earth’s crust. The conduit or pipe runs from the magma chamber to the top of the volcano. The conduit connects the magma chamber to the surface. Most volcanoes also have a crater at the top. Volcanoes are quite a sight, and you can enjoy this site all over the universe. Volcanoes are found on planets other than Earth, like the Olympus Mons on Mars.

When a river receives a lot of extra water it may flood. During a flood there is plenty of water, and most people wouldn’t think that dehydration was a serious risk, but flood waters are mostly polluted and not safe to drink. People who drink the contaminated water may suffer from illnesses or diseases such as typhoid. You can prepare for flooding by filling many containers with fresh clean drinking water. You can also use sandbags to protect your house and to soak up the water. Be prepared and be safe.

A hurricane is a large storm with heavy winds and rain that begins in the ocean and builds up strength as it moves across the water. While some of the damage caused by hurricanes is from high winds, most of it is usually from tidal surge, flooding entire cities, and killing large numbers of people. A tornado is a storm that develops on land, with no warning, and moves in a circular motion with heavy winds with a funnel shape, picking up and carrying dirt, dust, and even objects. The damage caused by tornadoes is from the high velocity winds, which are extremely destructive and deadly. They can demolish entire neighborhoods in a matter of a few seconds to a few minutes. Tornadoes can form when hurricanes make landfall, as their winds at ground level slow down, while the winds near the top keep their momentum, but a hurricane cannot be created by a tornado.

Tsunamis are very long waves in the ocean, sometimes hundreds of miles long. Tsunamis usually start suddenly. They may begin as normal waves and change to big waves very quickly. After this change, tsunami waves will travel at great speed across the ocean with little energy loss. Just before they hit land, the water will draw back off of the coast. If the slope of the coast is shallow, the water may pull back for many hundreds of feet. People who are unaware of the danger may be drawn by this strange site and remain on the shore. When the tsunami finally hits, it may remove sand from beaches, destroy trees, damage houses and even destroy whole towns. Tsunamis are tremendously powerful.

Lightning and thunder are related events. Lightning is a sudden, violent flash of electricity that occurs between a cloud and the ground or between two clouds in the sky. A lightning bolt can be several miles long and can be straight or forked. It is very hot, with an average temperature of 34 000 degrees Celsius. This causes the air around the electric bolt to expand, producing lots of sound energy. It is this sound energy that we hear as thunder. So, lightning and thunder are caused by the same event, but lightning is light energy, or electromagnetic energy, whereas thunder is sound energy. Thus, we see lightning and hear thunder.