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US History STAAR combined review

Total questions: 104

Worksheet time: 1hrs 3mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Which of the following best characterizes the Gilded Age?

a)

The discovery of goldfields in the West led to an increase in the amount of money issued for circulation.

b)

Industrialists used their connection with corrupt government officials for material gain and political power

c)

In the Deep South a sharp increase in immigration brought a boom in construction and industry

d)

Small, family-owned farms were bought and consolidated to form large agricultural corporations

2.

The primary objective of the Dawes Act was to:

a)

promote cultural assimilation of American Indians

b)

turn American Indian reservations into corporate farmland

c)

end warfare between American Indians and the US military

d)

promote American Indian investment in private industry

3.

What was one reason for the expansion of machine politics in the late 19th century?

a)

The rapid influx of immigrants made it difficult for local government to provide basic services

b)

Federal restrictions prevented voters from influencing government decisions at the local level

c)

The economy was too tightly regulated to allow urban growth

d)

Settlement houses failed to help immigrants adjust to life in the city

4.

The Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor developed in response to the:

a)

increased need to protect worker interests

b)

decreased power of political machines

c)

increased demand for skilled workers

d)

decreased profitability of the agricultural sector

5.

Which of the following occurred between 1865 and 1900 as a result of the rapid industrialization of the US?

a)

Social and economic class divisions began to disappear

b)

Concerns about air pollution led to stricter environmental regulations

c)

Union membership increased as workers sought better pay and conditions

d)

Factory owners introduced wage-equity policies for women in the workplace

6.

During the late 19th century, many Irish immigrants were discriminated against for being:

a)

opposed to machine politics

b)

loyal to the UK

c)

conscientious objectors

d)

Roman Catholics

7.

Nineteenth-century nativist organizations advocated:

a)

limiting federal military power through the organization of local militias

b)

conserving natural resources through the creation of national parks

c)

globalizing the economy through participation in free-trade agreements

d)

promoting an ethnically homogeneous society through restrictions on immigration

8.

Which of the following contributed most to increased settlement of the Great Plains?

a)

The availability of buffalo

b)

The discovery of precious metals

c)

A series of federal land grants

d)

A decreased in agricultural production

9.

In response to public concern over issues raised by Upton Sinclair, the federal government expanded its role in:

a)

working with labor unions to increase worker salaries

b)

taking responsibility for the safety of consumers

c)

setting limits on growth of private industry

d)

implementing social welfare programs

10.

Which of the following occurred as a result of the Sherman Antitrust Act?

a)

Workers secured a greater share of company profits

b)

The influence of labor unions on factory owners was reduced

c)

The federal government could dissolve business monopolies

d)

Businesses were required to pay fees to open overseas location

11.

Which application of a new technology can attributed to an invention of Thomas Edison?

a)

Refrigerated railroad cars allowed food to be transported long distances

b)

Light bulbs made it efficient for factory workers to work at night

c)

Diesel engines were used in production of airplanes

d)

Sonar technology was used to track submarines

12.

How did the expansion of railroad transportation most benefit farmers in the US?

a)

By raising the consumer price of agricultural products

b)

By increasing the variety of locally grown crops

c)

By providing farmers with affordable access to distant markets

d)

By encouraging farmers to form the first agricultural cooperatives

13.

How did the 19th Amendment expand the democratic process?

a)

By prohibiting discrimination in voting on the basis of race

b)

By eliminating the poll tax

c)

By prohibiting discrimination in voting on the basis of gender

d)

By lowering the voting age

14.

The creation of initiative, referendum, and recall procedures during the Progressive Era resulted in:

a)

a system of separate schools for new immigrants

b)

the expansion of citizens' direct participation in the democratic process

c)

a redistribution of the tax burden among citizens

d)

more sources of revenue for state governments

15.

Which groups were most influential in passing the Pure Food & Drug Act?

a)

Southern farmers and clergy members

b)

Factory owners and bankers

c)

Muckrakers and women's organizations

d)

College students and immigrants

16.

A student learning about US history is instructed to write a paper about W.E.B Du Bois and race relations in the US. Which of the following facts would be most relevant to the student's assignment?

a)

The Selma-to-Mongomery protest marches helped secure voting rights for minority citizens

b)

The NAACP was organized to help secure full legal equality for minority citizens

c)

The Civil Rights Act of 1968 outlawed many forms of discrimination in the housing market

d)

The March on Washington helped rally nationwide support for the Civil Rights movement

17.

How did the publication of The Jungle contribute to a change in the relationship between government and business?

a)

Federal troops were mobilized to break strikes by labor unions

b)

Government regulations requiring the inspection of food products were implemented

c)

Congress created a regulatory agency to audit railroads

d)

Laws were enacted that banned private companies from discriminating when hiring

18.

The Progressive goal of to implement women's suffrage was accomplished by:

a)

a national referendum

b)

an executive order

c)

a Supreme Court decision

d)

a constitutional amendment

19.

Which of these contributed to the ratification of the 18th Amendment?

a)

Veteran soldiers protesting to obtain benefits

b)

The growing political influence of women

c)

Politicians campaigning for education reform

d)

The growing number of workers organizing into labor unions

20.

Which of these was a major goal of Jane Addam's Settlement House movement in Chicago?

a)

The founding of women's colleges

b)

The introduction of prison reform

c)

The assimilation of immigrants

d)

The establishment of public libraries

21.

Members of the Progressive Movement generally supported the idea that government should:

a)

prevent unfair business practices

b)

restrict immigration to the US

c)

reduce the number of small farms

d)

abolish private property ownership

22.

In early 1900s, Progressive Era reformers sought to increase public participation in government by supporting the:

a)

expansion of the "spoils" system

b)

direct election of US Senators

c)

creation of the Electoral College

d)

formation of the Federal Reserve system

23.

Progressive reformers attacked "political machines" because they often:

a)

denied voting rights to the poor

b)

stole public money through overpriced contracts

c)

wasted money on military spending

d)

discriminated against migrant workers

24.

Progressive Era reformers sought to expand voter participation in government by adopting:

a)

the initiative & referendum

b)

tougher literacy tests

c)

additional poll taxes

d)

a civil service system

25.

In the late 1800s, the principles of Social Gospel Movement were most consistent with the ideas of:

a)

the Populists

b)

laissez-faire economics

c)

the Progressives

d)

trust-busting

26.

Which goal was shared by both the Populists & the Progressives?

a)

the free coinage of silver

b)

expansion of opportunities for immigrants

c)

equality for African Americans

d)

greater control of the government by the people

27.

Installment plans, Prohibition, and flappers. These are all characteristics of what era in US History?

a)

1920s

b)

Great Depression

c)

WWII

d)

The Cold War

28.

Which of these resulted form the prohibition of alchohol during the 1920s?

a)

a decline in immigration rates

b)

a growing fear of communism

c)

the expansion of the consumer economy

d)

the rise of organized crime

29.

During the 1920s, Clarence Darrow & William Jennings Bryan were most closely identified with the:

a)

increase use of credit by US consumers

b)

development of new forms of popular entertianment

c)

decline of public support for Progressive reforms

d)

conflict between modernism & traditionalism

30.

Which of the following was a major contribution of the Harlem Renaissance to US culture?

a)

It led to the increased popularity of vaudeville stage performers

b)

It brought the most significant beat poets together

c)

It established jazz a a prominent musical form

d)

It focused attention on the antiwar literary genre

31.

During the 1920s, what was one result of innovations in US transportation technology?

a)

Commercial airplanes replaced ocean liners as the primary means to travel to Europe

b)

Mass-produced automobiles made travel more affordable for many people

c)

Cable cars provided a comfortable means of quick travel to any city within a state

d)

Container ships delivered agricultural goods to ports along the Pacific coast

32.

What was one factor that helped turn the Great Plains into the Dust Bowl in the 1930s?

a)

Paying farmers to plant native grasses

b)

Increased demand for tobacco after WWI

c)

Numerous tornadoes occurring in the region

d)

Intense drought in the region

33.

Which statement best explains how bank failures contributed to the Great Depression?

a)

People lost their savings because the government did not insure bank deposits

b)

Business could not be done when President Franklin Roosevelt declared a bank holiday

c)

The interest rates on bank loans were too high

d)

Foreign investors did not invest enough in US banks

34.

What is the main function of the FDIC?

a)

Assisting banks in recovering unpaid loans

b)

Providing monetary aid to struggling banks

c)

Guaranteeing job security for bank employees

d)

Protecting personal savings in the event of bank failure

35.

Which New Deal agency continues to assist many Americans by helping them obtain mortgage loans from banks?

a)

FHA

b)

FDIC

c)

SEC

d)

AAA

36.

Which of the following was a significant effect of New Deal legislation?

a)

Income tax rates fell to historic lows

b)

The federal government took on new roles

c)

The regulation of intrastate trade was transferred to the states

d)

States became the sole enforcers of immigration law

37.

What is one ongoing result of the New Deal?

a)

The federal government funds a space-exploration program

b)

State governments deny residency to persons working in other states

c)

State governments use property taxes to fund social security programs

d)

People can rely more on the federal government during times of economic distress

38.

FDR sought to reassure the American public during uncertain economic times by:

a)

publishing a weekly news editorial titled "The Road to Prosperity and Peace"

b)

holding weekly town-hall meetings with average citizens

c)

making short appearances in a variety of Hollywood films

d)

delivering a series of evening radio speeches known as fireside chats

39.

In the late 1800s, Sandford B. Dole contributed to the expansion of the US by advocating the annexation of:

a)

Puerto Rico

b)

the Panama Canal Zone

c)

Hawaii

d)

the Philippines

40.

Why did the US decide to enter WWI?

a)

The US had suffered economically from European sanctions

b)

A European nation had taken aggressive actions against the US

c)

The US president was obligated to fulfill election campaign promises

d)

Communist activities among US immigrants were threatening the country

41.

How did the Zimmermann telegram influence US entry into WWI?

a)

It announced the czar's overthrow in Russia

b)

It revealed a proposed military alliance between Mexico & Germany

c)

It contained orders for German U-boats to destroy British passenger ships

d)

It described Romania's plan to abandon neutrality

42.

General John J. Pershing made a major contribution to the Allied victory in WWI by:

a)

transforming inexperienced troops into an effective military force

b)

developing advanced technologies for battlefield use

c)

requesting humanitarian aid from Congress for war-torn countries

d)

negotiating the terms of the Treaty of Versailles

43.

During World War I, tanks were used on the western front primarily to:

a)

lead infantry advances across no-man's-land and into enemy territory

b)

destroy railroads and bridges used by enemy troops

c)

release chemical weapons in advance attacks on enemy positions

d)

launch long-range rockets at enemy aircraft

44.

What was one economic effect of the Spanish-American War?

a)

Shipbuilding industries in the US declined

b)

New free & fair trade treaties were established between the US and developing countries

c)

The US gained direct access to additional natural resources and overseas markets

d)

Demand for coal and petroleum was energy sources declined

45.

The Fourteen Points reflected President Woodrow Wilson's belief that:

a)

intervention in the affairs of other nations was never justifiable

b)

travel among nations should be regulated by an international organization

c)

no country should be allowed to spend more on defense than any other country

d)

cooperation among international leaders was essential to maintaining world peace

46.

In 1919, Charles Scheneck was charged with violating the Espionage Act. The Supreme Court ruled that Schenck's actions created a "clear & present danger."


How did the decision in this case affect the rights of US citizens?

a)

By establishing restrictions on the right to vote

b)

By protecting the freedoms of religious minorities

c)

By placing limits on freedom of expression

d)

By protecting the rights of accused persons

47.

What was a primary reason for the establishment of the Open Door Policy?

a)

to protect the US trade in China

b)

to gain control of the Panama Canal Zone

c)

to encourage Chinese immigration to the US

d)

to improve relations with China

48.

The Spanish-American War (1898) marked a turning point in American foreign policy because the US:

a)

developed a plan for peaceful coexistence

b)

emerged as a new world power

c)

pledged neutrality in future European conflicts

d)

refused to become a colonial power

49.

Which policy sought to further American interests in Latin America by using the financial power of American business?

a)

Policy of "Watchful Waiting"

b)

Big Stick Policy

c)

balance of power

d)

Dollar Diplomacy

50.

Which overseas action most clearly illustrated the use of the "Roosevelt Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine?

a)

the purchase of Alaska from Russia

b)

the declaration of war against Spain in 1898

c)

the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands

d)

the collection of debts owed by the Dominican Republic

51.

President from 1981-1989/ Encouraged business activity -Reaganomics

a)

Bill Clinton

b)

Barack Obama

c)

Ronald Reagan

d)

Richard Nixon

52.

Mexican American physician & surgeon founder of G.I. Forum

a)

J. P. Morgan

b)

Phyllis Schlafy

c)

Hector P. Garcia

d)

Cesar Chavez

53.

Arrested for refusing to give up seat on a bus (Bus Boycott) 1955-1956

a)

Rosa Parks

b)

Phyllis Schlafy

c)

Betty Friedan

d)

Jackie Kennedy

54.

1835-published Democracy in America Laissez Faire-Liberty-Individualism-Egalitarianism

a)

Harry S. Truman

b)

FDR

c)

Omar Bradley

d)

Alexis de Tocqueville

55.

President 1913-1921 supported League of Nations proposed Fourteen Points post-war peace plan

a)

FDR

b)

Teddy Roosevelt

c)

JFK

d)

Woodrow Wilson

56.

President from 1945-1953 used atomic weapons on Japan to end WWII

a)

FDR

b)

Harry Truman

c)

Woodrow Wilson

d)

Dwight D. Eisenhower

57.

President from 1993-2001 NAFTA/ Balanced federal budget/

a)

Bill Clinton

b)

Harry S. Truman

c)

George W. Bush

d)

Teddy Roosevelt

58.

Clergyman, activist, & leader of Civil Rights Movement non-violence approach

a)

Martin Luther King Jr.

b)

Cesar Chavez

c)

Malcolm X

d)

Omar Bradley

59.

President 1921-1923 called for a "Return to Normalcy" associated with scandal Teapot Dome

a)

Dwight D. Eisenhower

b)

Warren G. Harding

c)

Woodrow Wilson

d)

Calvin Coolidge

60.

President from 1969-1974 Detente- Watergate- resigned from office /impeachment

a)

George W. Bush

b)

Bill Clinton

c)

Richard Nixon

d)

Warren G. Harding

61.

President 1961-1963 supported Space Race avoided nuclear showdown-Cuban Missile Crisis

a)

Richard Nixon

b)

Ronald Reagan

c)

John F. Kennedy

d)

Franklin D. Roosevelt

62.

Conservative activist -Campaigned against Equal Rights Amendment

a)

Phyllis Schlafy

b)

Barbara Bush

c)

Hillary Clinton

d)

Betty Friedan

63.

Leader in Women's Liberation Movement organized NOW (National Organization of Women) wrote the Feminine Mystique

a)

Phyllis Schlafy

b)

Betty Friedan

c)

Eleanor Roosevelt

d)

Jackie Kennedy

64.

1st African American to be elected President appointed first Latin Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor

a)

Martin Luther King Jr.

b)

Jesse Jackson

c)

Barack Obama

d)

Malcolm X

65.

Leader of Chicano Movement organized farm workers wanted to eliminate racism against Mexican -Americans

a)

Dolores Huerta

b)

Hector P. Garcia

c)

Sonia Sotomayor

d)

Cesar Chavez

66.

Republican Senator that accused Americans of being communists "Witch-Hunt"

a)

George Marshall

b)

John J. Pershing

c)

Joseph McCarthy

d)

Hector P. Garcia

67.

President that coined the term "Big Stick Diplomacy" trust buster/ Panama Canal/ conservationist

a)

Teddy Roosevelt

b)

William Howard Taft

c)

Warren G. Harding

d)

Woodrow Wilson

68.

President 1933-1945 provided American people with hope during Great Depression/ also served during WWII placed Japanese Americans in camps

a)

JFK

b)

FDR

c)

Hoover

d)

Eisenhower

69.

Named Commander of American Expeditionary Force during WWI led forces at Battle of Argonne Forest

a)

John J. Pershing

b)

George Marshall

c)

George S. Patton

d)

Chester W. Nimitz

70.

First Lady that inspired millions during the Great Depression and was instrumental in Human Rights

a)

Eleanor Roosevelt

b)

Jackie Kennedy

c)

Jane Addams

d)

Oprah

71.

Army Chief of Staff that created the Marshall Plan

a)

Dwight D. Eisenhower

b)

George S. Patton

c)

George Marshall

d)

Joseph White

72.

First female Supreme Court Justice appointed by Ronald Reagan -conservative

a)

Sonia Sotomayor

b)

Hillary Clinton

c)

Sandra Day O'Connor

d)

Betty Friedan

73.

President associated with 9/11 and vowed to fight the War on Terror

a)

George H. W. Bush

b)

Obama

c)

George W. Bush

d)

John F. Kennedy

74.

First Latin Supreme Court Justice appointed by Obama

a)

Dolores Huerta

b)

Lesley Martinez

c)

Janice Morales

d)

Sonia Sotomayor

75.

President that promoted peace when in 1978 agreement between Israel and Egypt (Camp David Accords)

a)

Richard Nixon

b)

JFK

c)

Ronald Reagan

d)

Jimmy Carter

76.

President associated with detente easing tensions with the Soviet Union

a)

Richard Nixon

b)

Jimmy Carter

c)

MLK

d)

JFK

77.

She was a social activist that helped women in minorities in Chicago during the Progressive Era

a)

Jane Addams

b)

Eleanor Roosevelt

c)

Jane Fonda

d)

Francis Willard

78.

An entrepreneur that promoted philanthropy Gospel of Wealth (business in steel)

a)

Oprah Winfrey

b)

Sam Walton

c)

Henry Ford

d)

Andrew Carnegie

79.

Entrepreneur -journalist- television mogul that helped Obama become president 2008

a)

Hillary Clinton

b)

Kim Karadasian

c)

Oprah Winfrey

d)

Jance Addams

80.

President associated with the escalation of troops in Vietnam 1964

a)

JFK

b)

Truman

c)

LBJ

d)

FDR

81.

Which action prompted the US to officially enter WWII?

a)

The German use of blitzkrieg tactics in Europe

b)

Japanese military actions in Indochina

c)

German submarine attacks on US merchant ships

d)

The Japanese bombing of a US military base

82.

How did President Harry S. Truman's decision to drop the atomic bomb affect international relations?

a)

It initiated the arms race with the USSR

b)

It prompted other nations to begin investigations of war crimes

c)

It enabled the UN to administer territory in Japan

d)

It led to the establishment of the first global peacekeeping force

83.

The rights of citizens under the 4th & 14th Amendments of the Constitution were violated by the US government when it authorized the establishment of:

a)

internment camps of Japanese Americans

b)

the Office of War Mobilization

c)

nuclear test sites in Nevada

d)

the Office of Price Administration

84.

What important military contribution did Navajo Code Talkers make during WWII?

a)

They were part of a volunteer group of US pilots that defended China from Japanese aggression

b)

They were one of the groups that transmitted secret military information in the Pacific Theater

c)

They were among the first black servicemen to fly as military aviators in the US armed forces

d)

They were members of the tank division that helped liberate France after the invasion of Normandy

85.

The government issued ration books during WWII in order to:

a)

provide financial security for uninsured citizens

b)

safeguard the profits of struggling businesses

c)

ensure the fair distribution of scarce goods

d)

allow consumers to buy imported good at discounted rates

86.

In 1997, Vernon Baker was awarded the Medal of Honor. How was this award historically significant?

a)

Baker was the first US naval officer to be honored for bravery in combat

b)

Baker was the only living African American veteran of WWII ever to receive the medal

c)

Baker commanded the first Marine brigade to land at Normandy during WWII

d)

Baker was the only recipient to serve in both WWI & WWII

87.

Which of the following was a direct result of the 1957 launch of Sputnik 1?

a)

The US began a period of technology sharing with the USSR

b)

The US government founded a federal agency dedicated to space exploration

c)

The USSR was unable to collect images of the US from space

d)

The Soviet government collapsed because of economic competition

88.

As a result of the Berlin Airlift, the US was able to:

a)

bypass a Soviet blockade without provoking a military conflict

b)

transport Polish refugees to safety

c)

prevent the Nazi Party from reorganizing

d)

intimidate Soviet leaders by demonstrating superior military power

89.

What prompted the HUAC to target the "Hollywood Ten"?

a)

Support for American isolationism in the years leading up to WWII

b)

Increased political pressure from racial groups regarding civil rights legislation

c)

Growing anxiety related to the economic effects of the Great Depression

d)

Fear of communist infiltration within the American entertainment industry

90.

Which action caused the US to engage in a "police action" on the Korean Peninsula in 1950?

a)

The collapse of South Korea's democratic government

b)

The assassination of North Korea's political leader

c)

South Korea's blockade of North Korea

d)

North Korea's invasion of South Korea

91.

What was the overall goal of US military intervention in Vietnam from 1964-1973?

a)

Eliminating trade barriers between the US and Southeast Asia

b)

Isolating the USSR by improving Chinese relations with the US

c)

Promoting economic growth in the Pacific region

d)

Preventing communism from spreading throughout Southeast Asia

92.

During the time between the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and the start of the Tet Offensive, what happened in the Vietnam War?

a)

All US civilians were evacuated from Vietnam

b)

Peace talks between South Vietnam & North Vietnam were conducted in Paris

c)

The US government deployed more troops to Vietnam

d)

South Vietnam surrendered to North Vietnam

93.

In the late 1800s, the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson:

a)

established a legal remedy for victims of discrimination

b)

created a legal justification for segregation laws

c)

affirmed the legality of federal regulation of state elections

d)

recognized public protests as a legal form of civil disobedience

94.

Which government action was intended to ensure that African Americans could exercise their 15th Amendment rights?

a)

The Supreme Court decision in Sweatt v. Painter

b)

The executive order to desegregate the US Army

c)

The passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965

d)

The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson

95.

How did the Brown v. Board of Education decision influence the Civil Rights movement?

a)

By discouraging activist from relying on the judicial system

b)

By guaranteeing scholarships to minority college students

c)

By providing a judicial basis for achieving equality in other areas

d)

By eliminating social barriers associated with hiring practices

96.

Why did Chicano migrant workers establish the United Farm Workers?

a)

To exert influence on foreign policy

b)

To obtain fair wages and improve labor conditions

c)

To attain the right to vote in federal elections

d)

To change citizenship requirements

97.

One action that influenced the US-Soviet signing of SALT 1 treaty in 1972 was President Richard Nixon's:

a)

opening of diplomatic relations with China

b)

involvement in the Watergate scandal

c)

support of Israel during the Yom Kippur War

d)

withdrawal of military forces from Vietnam

98.

The policy of objectives of Reaganomics were based on the theory that:

a)

borrowing from foreign countries would help cover the costs of domestic programs

b)

significant increases in government spending would help reduce unemployment

c)

broad tax cuts and financial deregulation would promote economic expansion

d)

reducing trade barriers would result in a budget surplus

99.

In 1979, the Shah of Iran was forced into exile. The US government later allowed the Shah to enter the US for medical treatment. This perceived US support for the Shah of Iran resulted in which of the following?

a)

Iran attacked a US military base in Asia

b)

Soviet forces began an occupation of Iran

c)

Israel demanded US support for the strategic bombing of cities in Iran

d)

Revolutionaries kidnapped a group of US citizens in Iran

100.

Which of the following demonstrates the diffusion of American culture?

a)

The establishment of multinational research centers in Antiarctica

b)

The presence of German immigrants in the US

c)

The establishment of a Saudi Arabian embassy in the US

d)

The rise of baseball as a major sport in Japan

101.

What was the initial response of the US government to the attacks of September 11, 2001?

a)

To impose economic sanctions on Libya for sponsoring terrorist activities

b)

To begin military operations in Afghanistan

c)

To reopen military bases in Europe that had been closed after the Cold War

d)

To form a coalition to eliminate training bases in Pakistan

102.

Which of the following resulted from the US-led military coalition's engagement in the Persian Gulf War?

a)

The Shah of Iran was overthrown

b)

Saddam Hussein was forced from power

c)

The nation of Kuwait was liberated

d)

Iraqi Kurds were granted equal rights

103.

One reason the 2008 presidential election was historically significant is that it was the first time:

a)

traditionally Republican states voted Democratic

b)

voters used computerized ballots

c)

an African American won the presidency

d)

a Southerner won the vice-presidency

104.

Under the US Constitution, the government may not take private property unless:

a)

the land requires extensive restoration

b)

the government determines that the land is critical to developers' profits

c)

the landowner refused to build a home on the land

d)

the government pays the owner fair compensation for the land