The process in which the male gamete combines with the female gamete to create a genetically unique organism.

The aqueous space outside the stacks of thylakoids.

A green pigment located in the chloroplasts of plant cells that is a receptor of light energy in the red and blue wavelengths

The genetic makeup of an organism, often in reference to a particular trait.

The process in which water is pulled upward from the roots through xylem cells and released into the air in a gaseous state.

A plant pigment that reflects yellow, orange, and red light and assists in capturing light energy.

The process by which plants capture energy from the sun to convert simple molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into complex carbohydrate molecules that can be used by plants and animals as sources of energy and building blocks for other molecules.

The relationship where one allele is only expressed when the second, dominant allele is not present.

A property of water in which hydrogen bonding between adjacent water molecules allows the water to be pulled upward through the plant.

The process of sexual reproduction of cells that includes nuclear division and in which the cell’s chromosomes are divided in half

In sexual reproduction, a diploid cell formed by the fusion of male and female haploid nuclei

The process in which glucose (the product of photosynthesis) combines with oxygen to produce energy in a form that can be used by plants.

A naturally occurring genetic change that affects the appearance and functions of a plant. Mutations can also be induced through chemicals or radiation.

The process in which a single cell divides to form two daughter cells and the cell plate is formed.

The relationship between one allele that is expressed over a second allele. For example in flower color, the dominant color will be expressed even in the presence of a recessive allele

A stack of thylakoid disks found within the chloroplast

The process in which glucose (the product of photosynthesis) combines with oxygen to produce energy in a form that can be used by plants

In asexual reproduction, the steps a cell undertakes to duplicate and divide a complete set of chromosomes

Having identical pairs of genes for a pair of hereditary characteristics