A nationalist/philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

French general; Overthrew the Directory; Crowned himself emperor in 1802 and attempted to spread the revolution across most of Europe; Blundering mistake to invade Russia

Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II, the French until 1954, and South Vietnam & the U.S. until 1975 (1890-1969)

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Communist dictator of the Soviet Union; Took power after Lenin's death; 5 year plans, collectivization, and Great Purge; Defeated NAZI Germany in WWII; Started the Cold War.

President of the Turkish Republic. Known for modernization and westernization of Turkey following WWI

Dictator of Germany, implemented Fascism and caused WWII and the Holocaust.