“This is the section that many readers skip. In fact, it is the section that some journals relegate to small print. It is also the section to which we will devote much of our analytical energy and to which we will return repeatedly in future chapters.” 7

“Authors DESCRIBE the presentation and response to antibiotics of a group of tick-bitten South African travelers who have fever and skin lesions, or the outcome of 100 patients undergoing a new technique for dispensing with gallstones.” This is an example of a: 16

The primary feature that distinguishes the_____ from other explanatory studies is the ACTIVE INTERVENTION of the investigator. The researcher gives an anti-depressant medication to one group of volunteers and a placebo to another group; 17 This passage BEST relates to the:

i. Trial

This “design begins with a population or cohort and makes simultaneous assessments of outcomes, descriptive features, and potential predictors. This “slice-in-time design” is also referred to as a prevalence survey…”, 20

A researcher selects a cohort of people whose alcohol consumption was conscientiously recorded in the past, follow them up to the present by measuring current blood pressures, and produce a ______________ study. 27

________ studies begin in the present but march forward, collecting data about a population whose outcome lies in the future. 26

Every article that discusses a case and control us referring to a case-control study. 30

Case-Control design is ______ and can be _______ for studying________ diseases. 32

Let’s investigate maternal smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy and predisposition of infants to febrile seizures. (data from the ER). Many children with febrile seizures are not seen in emergency rooms. Those who do seek emergency room care are often from families without regular physicians.34 this illustrates:

The strong and overly publicized association between TSS and the use of tampons influenced the decision of a physician reporting the case the CDC because the patient met equivocal criteria. The patient had Shigella. This is a classic example of: 35

One commonly utilized source of control subjects that is notorious for creating this dilemma (overestimation of exposure.) is the _________. 36ish.

_____ is probably the most commonly matched variable because it is related to so many habits and diseases that come under study. 41

We are new hematological PA’s and we decide to select a sample of the population that has sick-cell anemia as cases for a new study. We matched age and sex. We notice that all the Black subjects have the desired outcome. We select all Black subjects for controls. 43 What have we just done?

We are studying sun exposure and its link to skin cancer. If we gather self-reported data from individuals who have melanoma, they may be more familiar with skin disease, treatments and have greater exposure. Our data is threatened by: 46

If we conduct a case-control within a cohort using data/samples from 20 years ago (carefully archived) two researchers exploring the relationship between H. Pylori and gastric carcinoma, then we have just executed a/an: 49

Which sampling technique implies unplanned or haphazard sampling was implemented in the study? 61

The researchers recognized that the lower daily activity may not be responsible for increased weight. Rather, being overweight leads to less activity. To test whether differences in habitual posture were a cause rather than a consequence of obesity, they intervened in their otherwise observational effort. 65 This is a ________ relationship.

Let’s look at a study that investigated the connection between still birth and postpartum depression. They used surveys to collect data on the difficult subject. implications. If women failed to respond to questionnaires because they were depressed, the unexpectedly low rate of postpartum depression among women who lost babies is an artifact of biased follow-up. 73 This is:

A follow-up study that describes antecedents of child abuse and neglect among premature infants. Identifying the infants as at high risk for abuse also puts them at high risk of being reported for abuse and neglect and higher risk for _____________.75

The following organization has published guidelines detailing the elements that should be included in reports of randomized trials. 80

an ________trial, attempting to learn if the drug, surgical procedure, or administrative program works under ideal circumstances. It can be said to have ________ validity. 83

Cholera studies and Mammogram studies exposed interesting information about nonparticipants. In general, nonparticipants (refused interventions) had __________ chances of contracting disease vs. placebo. 87

We are conducting a study on hypertension and select subjects based on extreme values. Throughout the study we notice that re-measurements become less and less extreme. 92 This is an example of:

We are conducting and experiment in a RCT. Shot A vs Pill B. Patients talk to one another and that differential treatment would certainly arouse concerns. So, in such a situation, we use __________ allocation; the practices rather than patients become the units randomly assigned to experimental and control conditions. 93

We are subjects of a study; we only take the pills when we are being watched and some of us don’t when the investigator is not around. (116 and others.) This change in behavior is best related to:

When researchers decide that their intervention and another medication could both have a beneficial effect on patient outcomes, they build a survival analysis to compare all the causes of mortality. This is also called 104

MRFIT. This ambitious project evaluated the effects of reducing high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, and cigarette smoking on rates of cardiovascular disease. Media drove controls to quit smoking and lowered their BP without the tested intervention. 102 This is an example of:

Observational designs, particularly the case-control and retrospective cohort approaches, are much ______economical to perform and can often be accomplished _____you can say “randomized double-blind controlled trial.”118

how closely a blood pressure determination represents a subject’s true blood pressure or a depression questionnaire captures a person’s true mental state. 130

You see 2 barrels of apples, I ask you to draw a conclusion about which one is the red apple barrel and which is the green apple barrel, based on the first 5 apples you “Sample” (select). I am asking you to make an ________ about the population of the apples in barrels. 146

If we repeated a sample of 50 people to test the incidence of diarrhea for patients receiving a drug over and over we would see the most common result (_____) and well see that is towards the center of the distribution (______). 147

We can say that if amoxicillin/clavulanate really behaved like azithromycin, it would be unlikely (a 5% chance) that we would find a 16% or higher rate of diarrhea in a single sample. This 5% probability is referred to as the _______. 149

If we are proposing that Drug A and Drug B cause difference incidence rates of diarrhea, the null hypothesis states: 148

Hemorrhagic stroke occurs almost twice as often in the aspirin group (23 cases versus 12 in the placebo group). The P value of this finding “just misses” the mark of statistical significance at .06. Does this mean that aspirin does not place patients at increased risk for hemorrhagic stroke? 153

We claim different rates of diarrhea for

amoxicillin/clavulanate and azithromycin when, in fact, the drugs behave no differently. 154 This is__________.

We fail to reject the null hypothesis: rates of diarrhea for amoxicillin/clavulanate and azithromycin are the same; when, in fact, the drugs behave differently. 154 This is________.

Statistical power = 1 - beta error); the lower the beta error, the greater the power. Essentially, the chance to find a benefit for a treatment in a given number of subjects (if it exists). So, the most obvious way of increasing power is to increase ...: 156

When a _____ CI contains _____difference, it is equivalent to saying that one is unable to reject a no hypothesis at the _____% level. 158

Interval and ratio data. These data share the properties of having rank or order, but they also have known, equal distances between values. These are commonly used together in regard to: 162

We use Chi-square tests to compare two samples and estimates the chance of these samples being representative of the over all population. In general, the ______ the Chi-square value, the ______ the p-value.

When dealing with continuous data, it is sound to use the ______ to compare the means of 2 samples or observations to help decide whether the samples are likely to come from the same or different populations. Typically used with p-value to reject the null hypothesis.

Simple correlation coefficients are unit-free; that is, they measure the strength of a relationship but do not describe the magnitude of change among variables. We use ________ to depict magnitude. 172

______is the ability of the test to classify people who do not have illness as negative. (Rule in disease).181

This _____ curve is essential the tradeoff between sensitivity and the occurrence of false positive (1-specificity). An area under the curve of _____ from discrimination line is considered useful. 192

Likelihood ratios are high when sensitivity and specificity are ____. 187

__________describe new cases of an illness or outcome that occur in a fixed cohort or population during a specified period of time without utilizing a FIXED cohort. 207

In the case of raloxifene-induced blood clots, 1 patient of every 142 treated resulted in an adverse event. This is the: 217

Remember the relationship between cigar smoking and alopecia. We matched aged in that study. Is it the cigar smoking or the age that is responsible for the hair-loss? This is called: 226

In a study on activity and heart disease risk: increasing exposure (more activity) decreases risk . The pattern of declining risk across the increasing quintiles of physical activity is a perfect example of a________: 239