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WorksheetsHole A&P 2 Chapter 4
Total questions: 110
Worksheet time: 55mins
An example of an anabolic reaction is
many monosaccharides bonding, forming glycogen.
a dipeptide breaking down into two amino acids.
glycerol reacting with three fatty acid molecules to yield water and proteins.
glycogen breaking down into many monosaccharides.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of enzymes?
They speed up the rate of chemical reactions but are not used up in the process.
Most are proteins.
They are most active at temperatures above 53 degrees C.
They have active sites and interact with specific substrates.
Dehydration synthesis is catabolic and hydrolysis is anabolic.
TRUE
FALSE
A molecule that is a storage form of carbohydrate is
glycogen.
glycerol.
DNA.
an amino acid.
Releasing the energy in glucose molecules is an example of catabolism.
TRUE
FALSE
Phospholipids are critical structures in cell membranes and are therefore enzymes.
TRUE
FALSE
The term catabolism refers to
chemical reactions that acquire energy.
chemical reactions that release energy.
synthesis of large molecules.
the formation of genetic material.
Metabolism refers to all of the chemical reactions in a cell.
TRUE
FALSE
Dehydration synthesis reactions __________ , whereas hydrolysis reactions __________ .
lose H2O as bonds are broken; use H2O to form bonds
break large molecules into smaller ones; build large molecules from smaller ones
use H2O to form bonds; lose H2O as bonds are broken
lose H2O as bonds are formed; use H2O to break bonds
The anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration take place in the
cytoplasm.
mitochondria.
nucleus.
ribosomes.
Transcription and translation differ in that
transcription produces DNA and translation produces RNA.
transcription produces RNA and translation produces DNA.
transcription produces protein and translation produces RNA.
transcription produces RNA and translation produces protein.
A mutation may occur spontaneously or by exposure to a mutagen.
TRUE
FALSE
Exposure to UV radiation can cause changes in DNA and can therefore be considered a mutagen.
TRUE
FALSE
The DNA damage response replaces mismatched nucleotides.
TRUE
FALSE
All of the following are examples of catabolic reactions EXCEPT
trypsin in the stomach digesting large proteins into smaller ones.
amylase in saliva breaking down starch into simple sugars.
the release of energy by converting ATP into ADP during a metabolic reaction.
synthesizing the enzyme maltase from amino acids.
A peptide bond forms between
a tRNA and an mRNA.
adjacent amino acids.
an mRNA and an rRNA.
a gene and a protein.
A example of genetic change is the presence of certain DNA sequences occurring in different numbers of copies in different individuals.
TRUE
FALSE
Which DNA sequence can encode the amino acid sequence ile-asp-ser-cys-his-tyr?
TAGCTGTCAACAGTGATA
TAACTGTCGACGGTGATG
TAACTAAGTACGGTGATG
All of the answer choices are correct
If an organism is known to have a mutation in the DNA sequence of a gene that codes for an enzyme, but still produces a functional enzyme, which of the following is most likely TRUE?
The mutation did not lead to a change in the amino acid sequence of the enzyme.
Chaperone proteins are able to repair the error in the DNA sequence.
The mutation must have occurred in the part of the sequence coding for the active site.
Transcription of the gene into RNA is able to repair the mutation.
The part of the tRNA that binds mRNA is the anticodon.
TRUE
FALSE
If you were to isolate a molecule containing uracil, all of the following are most likely true EXCEPT
it contains codons that represent amino acids.
it is single stranded.
it also contains guanine.
it contains deoxyribose sugar.
Codons are three contiguous mRNA bases.
TRUE
FALSE
The codon that will signal where to begin making a polypeptide is __________ .
TAC
AGG
AUG
TTA
A single nucleotide polymorphism is a very rare genetic variant that affects health.
TRUE
FALSE
A part of a gene that is a DNA sequence 333 nucleotides long encodes _________ amino acids.
333
111
999
444
Copying DNA information into an mRNA molecule is called
translation.
synthesis.
replication.
transcription.
ATP is important to cellular processes because it
is formed by muscles contracting or whenever cellular work occurs.
provides energy for cellular work when the terminal, high-energy bond is broken.
releases oxygen when high-energy phosphate bonds are broken.
is a by-product of all catabolic reactions.
is a by-product of all catabolic reactions.
glucose.
glycogen.
vitamin C.
ATP.
Transcription yields protein and translation produces RNA.
TRUE
FALSE
Which of the following is not true regarding RNA?
It is transcribed in the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm.
It includes ribose, a 5-carbon sugar.
It is double-stranded.
It has cytosine as one of its four nitrogenous bases.
A mutation that changes a CGC codon to CGA would not affect health because the encoded amino acid is unchanged.
TRUE
FALSE
Energy is defined as
something important for chemical reactions.
the ability to do work.
the heat given off from chemical reactions.
the heat required to start a reaction.
The genetic code is
the correspondence between a sequence of three DNA nucleotides and a specific amino acid.
the correspondence between a DNA nucleotide and an RNA nucleotide.
the correspondence between a gene and a genome.
the correspondence between a specific amino acid and a specific gene.
A DNA sequence of CGCTTACGATTG would be transcribed into an RNA sequence of GCGAAUGCUAAC.
TRUE
FALSE
Which of the nitrogenous bases is part of DNA, but not RNA?
Uracil
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Three types of RNA participate in protein synthesis.
TRUE
FALSE
An important mechanism that controls metabolic pathways under physiological conditions is
positive feedback.
signal transduction.
negative feedback.
genetic control.
Which of the following is true?
The genome consists of entirely protein-encoding genes.
An amino acid encodes a gene.
DNA has five types of nucleotide bases.
Much of the genome does not encode proteins.
Three factors that increase the rates of enzyme-controlled reactions are the
number of enzyme molecules, number of substrate molecules, and efficiency of the enzyme.
temperature of the reaction, number of H2O molecules, and bond strength.
number of enzyme and substrate molecules formed, and strength of the enzyme.
size of the enzyme compared to the substrate, the number of active sites, and the ratio of enzyme to substrate molecules.
Humans require vitamins in their diets because these nutrients
provide energy.
are broken down by catabolic reactions
bond with minerals.
act as coenzymes.
A cofactor is ______. Examples are _____.
an inorganic molecule that all enzymes require; cholesterol and calcium
an inorganic molecule that some enzymes require; vitamin B12 and B6
a necessary part of some enzymes; copper, iron, and zinc
a molecule that destabilizes substrates; carbonic acid
A DNA strand of ACTTCGCATG, when replicated, would yield a strand of the same sequence.
TRUE
FALSE
Some insecticides, such as chlorpyrifos, work by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which normally breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Where does this insecticide most likely bind to inhibit the enzyme’s activity?
Any location on the amino acid chain that forms the AChE enyzme
A sequence of DNA nucleotides that encodes the AChE enzyme protein molecule
It does not need to bind with the enzyme directly
The part of an enzyme that combines with acetlycholine
DNA replication occurs
when a cell requires energy.
outside of the nucleus.
during interphase of the cell cycle.
during mitosis.
Each individual has her or his own genetic code.
TRUE
FALSE
If one strand of DNA has the sequence TCAGGCTATTCCCG, then the complementary sequence of the other strand is
AGUCCGAUAAGGGC.
AGTCCGATAAGGGC.
TCAGGCTATTCCCG.
UCAGGCUAUUCCCG.
DNA and RNA differ in number of strands, type of sugar, and types of nitrogenous bases.
TRUE
FALSE
During DNA replication,
tRNAs bring specific amino acids to an mRNA molecule.
two single strands of DNA come together, restoring complementary base pairing.
amino acids are joined.
the DNA double helix comes apart, and new nucleotides are brought in, forming two double helices.
The genetic code is the correspondence between DNA sequence and amino acid sequence of a protein.
TRUE
FALSE
How many codons specify the twenty types of amino acids?
61
23
46
3
A different enzyme may catalyze the formation and the breakdown of the same molecule.
TRUE
FALSE
A DNA molecule is a double helix in which A pairs with C and T pairs with G.
TRUE
FALSE
Which of the following best describes the interaction between an enzyme and its substrate?
The enzyme surrounds and completely contains the substrate.
The substrate surrounds and completely contains the enzyme.
The enzyme temporarily deactivates the substrate.
Part of the enzyme temporarily binds part of the substrate molecule.
The basic steps of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction are
substrate and product combine, forming an S-P complex. The reaction occurs, enzymes are released, and the unchanged substrate is released and recycled.
substrate and enzyme combine, forming an E-S complex. The reaction occurs, products are released, and the unchanged enzyme is released and recycled.
substrate, enzyme, and product combine, forming an S-E-P complex. The reaction occurs, products are released, and the unchanged enzyme is released and recycled.
enzyme and product combine, forming an E-P complex. The reaction reverses, enzymes are released, and the unchanged substrate is released and recycled.
Which of the following would NOT be an example of an enzyme?
A molecule that remains unchanged after assisting in a chemical reaction
A molecule that assists in the breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach
A molecule that helps to form the cytoskeleton of a cell
A molecule that breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose
In adipose tissue, fat molecules form when fatty acid molecules and glycerol join by hydrolysis.
TRUE
FALSE
The enzyme catalase acts on the substrate
oxygen.
hydrogen.
hydrogen peroxide.
peroxidase.
The anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration occur in the __________ , whereas the aerobic reactions of cellular respiration occur in the __________ .
mitochondria with O2 required; cytoplasm with O2 required
cytoplasm without O2 required; cytoplasm with CO2 required
mitochondria without O2 required; mitochondria with O2 required
cytoplasm without O2 required; mitochondria with O2 required
The two strands of a DNA molecule have opposite orientation.
TRUE
FALSE
In cellular respiration,
mitochondria release glucose molecules.
energy is released from molecules and is transferred to other molecules.
cells breathe, or take in, O2 and give off CO2.
energy is absorbed from glucose and is transferred to CO2.
Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. Individuals who are lactose intolerant lack the enzyme to break this sugar down into monosaccharides. Based on enzyme nomenclature, what enzyme is deficient in these individuals?
Lact ese
Lact ose
Lacto gen
Lact ase
Anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration
break down glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules.
occur in the absence of oxygen.
transfer energy to ATP molecules.
all of the answer choices are correct.
In DNA replication, the two strands of the double helix separate and enzymes place A, C, G, and U nucleotides opposite their complements, forming two double helices from one.
TRUE
FALSE
Which choice lists structures in order of increasing size?
nitrogenous base - nucleotide - gene - chromosome - genome
nitrogenous base - nucleotide - gene - genome - chromosome
genome - nucleus - chromosome - nucleotide - gene
cell - organelle - tissue - organ
When a sucrose molecule is broken down to yield a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule,
dehydration synthesis occurs.
a water molecule is released.
a water molecule is used.
starch is consumed.
How does oxidation during cellular respiration differ from burning?
Respiration doesn't use enzymes to lower the activation energy.
Respiration requires a relatively large amount of energy to start the process.
Respiration uses enzymes to lower the activation energy.
Respiration releases more energy as heat and light.
What is the function of ATP molecules in living cells?
They form a genetic material.
They capture energy from the oxidation of fuels in their high-energy phosphate bonds, and the energy is used in various cell processes.
They act as coenzymes so that fats can be synthesized.
They are an integral part of the cell membrane, important in transporting water molecules.
In dehydration synthesis of a carbohydrate,
larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones.
monosaccharides are joined.
water molecules bond to monosaccharide molecules.
the molecule is broken down into carbon dioxide and water.
Catabolism builds up molecules and anabolism breaks down molecules.
TRUE
FALSE
The electron transport chain is a series of enzyme complexes that pass electrons one-to-another, releasing energy that is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP on the inner mitochondrial membrane.
TRUE
FALSE
Name the molecule that is common to carbohydrate and lipid metabolic pathways and connects these two pathways metabolically.
Glucose
Pyruvic acid
Acetyl coenzyme A
Glycogen
The portion of a DNA molecule that contains the genetic information for making a protein is called a gene.
TRUE
FALSE
Genetic information is contained in protein molecules and is passed from one parent to another.
TRUE
FALSE
Which of the following substances increases in abundance during cellular respiration?
Oxygen
Glucose
ATP
Glycogen
All of the genetic information in a cell is a genome.
TRUE
FALSE
The metabolome includes
all of the genes that encode protein in the genome.
the DNA that does not encode protein in the genome.
all of the small molecules that are part of metabolism.
all of the enzymes that take part in aerobic respiration.
In the citric acid cycle,
carbon dioxide is released.
oxygen atoms are released.
4 ATP molecules are formed.
hydrocholoric acid is released.
Which of the following is an example of catabolism?
The assembly of the cell membrane from precursor molecules
The increase in muscle tissue with exercise
The formation of secretory proteins in the pancreas
The breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm and mitochondria
If a cell was unable to produce pyruvate, this cell may have a mutation in an enzyme in which process?
Glycolysis
The citric acid cycle
Gluconeogenesis
The electron transport system
The term metabolism refers to
the reactions in the body that synthesize proteins and nucleic acids.
the reactions in the body that break down proteins and nucleic acids.
all of the chemical reactions in a cell.
the breakdown of glucose molecules to release energy.
A mutation can cause disease if
the DNA sequence does not change.
the DNA sequence changes so that one amino acid is substituted for another in a way that affects the encoded protein's functioning.
the DNA sequence changes so that one amino acid is substituted for another in a way that does not alter the encoded protein's functioning.
it attracts mutagens.
A mutation is
a change in a DNA sequence in less than 1% of a population that affects anatomy and/or physiology.
a common genetic variant.
always beneficial to health.
always harmful to health.
If you were to sequence the genome of two individuals and found that their DNA is 99.9% similar, what inference could you make?
These two individuals must be siblings.
These individuals are likely identical twins.
These individuals must be from different species.
No inferences could be made because 99.9% of DNA is shared between all humans.
MicroRNAs
are 21 or 22 bases long.
control gene expression.
are noncoding RNAs.
All of these answer choices are correct.
The term anabolic metabolism refers to
biochemical reactions that synthesize compounds.
all processes required to maintain life.
biochemical reactions that break down compounds.
biochemical reactions that release energy from nutrients.
DNA profiling
sequences the entire genomes of criminals.
sequences genes that cause disease.
compares the most variable parts of the genome for a variety of applications.
analyzes 64 highly variable regions of the human genome.
Oxidation forms chemical bonds.
TRUE
FALSE
Arsenic poisoning harms the body by
unraveling the DNA double helix.
interfering with cellular extraction of energy from glucose.
forming more sulfur bonds in proteins.
rotting the teeth.
One reason why protein synthesis is important is
enzymes are proteins and enzymes are essential to metabolism.
proteins release energy for metabolic reactions.
proteins encode DNA sequences.
the diet does not provide the building blocks of protein.
In the DNA damage response,
repair enzymes replace mismatched nucleotides in DNA.
repair enzymes replace mismatched nucleotides in RNA.
repair enzymes replace mismatched amino acids in protein.
more than one codon encodes one type of amino acid.
The synthesis of an ATP molecule requires two ADP molecules.
TRUE
FALSE
Three types of genetic changes are
replication, transcription, and translation.
A to C, G to C, and U to A.
mutations, SNPs, and changes in copy number.
adenine, guanine, and cytosine.
The aerobic reactions of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria.
TRUE
FALSE
During the anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration, pyruvic acid reacts to form glucose.
TRUE
FALSE
In what molecule are codons found?
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
Proteins
If an E. coli bacterium were to have a protein with the correct amino acid sequence, but not the correct shape, which of the following is a logical explanation for what could be wrong?
Peptide bonds were not able to form between the amino acids.
The shape-coding region of the DNA sequence related to this protein is mutated.
The chaperone protein associated with protein folding is not functional.
An error in transcription occurred.
Which of the following would not be considered a mutagen?
Ethidium bromide, a chemical that binds directly to DNA and deforms the double helix
X-rays, which can break the bonds in DNA molecules
Nitrous acid, which can convert cytosine to uracil
Flavonoids, a family of compounds which can remove free radicals from cells
A metabolic pathway is a particular sequence of enzyme-controlled reactions.
TRUE
FALSE
For each acetyl CoA molecule that enters the citric acid cycle, 2 ATPs, 16 H atoms, and 4 CO2 molecules are produced.
TRUE
FALSE
A DNA sequence AACGGTGCACCACGG encodes an mRNA of sequence
AACGGUGCACCACGG.
UUGCCACGUGGUGCC.
AACGGTGCACCACGG.
UUCGGAGCUCCUCGG.
Enzymes are proteins that promote specific chemical reactions.
TRUE
FALSE
If the DNA sequence for an enzyme lacked a stop codon, this would mean
transcription would not have an end point.
translation would not have an end point.
DNA replication would not be possible.
the incorrect amino acid would be incorporated into the final enzyme at that point.
If the DNA sequence ATGCTCAT was found to have the complimentary strand TACGGGTA, which of the following is possible?
There was an error during DNA replication.
The cell correctly copied the DNA strand during replication.
There was an error during translation where the incorrect nucleotide was brought by the mRNA.
There was an error during transcription where the incorrect codon on the tRNA molecule.
Synthesis of a protein stops when
any of three specific anticodons are encountered in the mRNA.
there is no more DNA.
any of three "stop" codons are encountered in the mRNA.
the ribosome becomes fatigued.
In glycolysis, the enzyme phosphofructokinase catalyzes the slowest part of this metabolic process and can therefore be considered a rate-limiting enzyme.
TRUE
FALSE
A cell may contain hundreds of different types of enzymes.
TRUE
FALSE
A DNA sequence AACGGTGCACCACGG encodes a portion of a protein of sequence
ile-gly-ala-pro-arg.
leu-pro-arg-gly-ala.
ala-gly-arg-pro-leu.
arg-pro-ala-gly-ile.
An active site is the part of a substrate molecule that binds an enzyme.
TRUE
FALSE
Oxidation of glucose is important because it releases energy.
TRUE
FALSE
An ATP molecule consists of an adenine, a ribose, and three phosphates.
TRUE
FALSE
