The term bacteriostatic means that bacteria:

When two antibiotics are given together to increase therapeutic effect, the phenomenon is known as:

which of the following drugs in effective against candida albicans?

All of the following are mechanisms of resistance used by microbes except:

Cephalasporins have __ generations of developed agents

Which of the following antimicrobials is effective against mycobacteria?

Which of the following is an antiviral agent?

Resistance to one type of drugs that may allow for resistance to a similar type of drug is a process is called:

Causes weakness of peptidoglycan layer. Vulnerable to lysis.

· Young, growing cells must constantly synthesize new peptidoglycan and transport it to the wall.

· Agents such as penicillins and cephalosporins chemically react with the enzymes responsible for completing the peptidoglycan layer, thus preventing the assembly process.

· The specific chemical reactions that disrupt the translation of the mRNA vary and include the following:

· Whatever the specific point(s) of attack, the result is the same: Inhibition of the synthesis of necessary proteins. Antimicrobial agents that affect bacterial protein synthesis include tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, and others.

· Disruption of DNA and RNA synthesis

· Complexity of metabolic process leads to disruption at many points

· Disruption of the synthesis of nucleotide components

· Affects transport in/out of cell

· Weakens cell’s physical integrity

· Can affect prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

· Most membrane-disrupting agents target the different types of lipids in the cell membrane, which lends to their specificity for a particular microbial group.

· Disruption of numerous cellular metabolic processes

· Disruption of enzyme activity/production

· Disruption of essential metabolic compounds

· Antimicrobial agents disrupt the metabolic pathways involved in the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, which can be disastrous to the overall metabolism of any cell.

Most antimicrobial drugs do not inhibit the growth of all pathogens. Antimicrobial drugs have a spectrum of activity, which is the range of pathogen types against which a given drug is effective....this is known as: