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WorksheetsResearch methods psychology
Total questions: 95
Worksheet time: 8hrs 55mins
When do we use ANOVA?
when there are 2 or more means
when there are 3 or more means
when single IV has more than 2 levels between group design
when single IV has 2 levels between group design
Which are correct statements of planned comparison and Post-Hoc analysis?
Planned comparison is used when you wish to test specific hypothesis on the differences between a subset of your groups (based on theory/past research)
Post-Hoc analysis is used when you want to conduct a whole sets of comparisons (exploring differences between each group/condition)
Post-Hoc analysis guards against Type I error
Planned comparison does not guard against Type I error
In Post-Hoc analysis, Tukey is used when... while Dunnett's C is used when...
variances are equal; variances are not equal
variances are not equal; variances are equal
One-way repeated measures ANOVA is different from One-way ANOVA because...
one-way repeated measures ANOVA measures the same participants over and over again (within group design)
one-way repeated measures ANOVA tests related groups
one-way repeated measure ANOVA tests independent ones
one-way repeated measures ANOVA measures different participants
Which of the following Multivariate test is most widely used?
Pillai's Trace
Wilks' Lambda
Hotelling's Trace
Roy's Largest Root
Which of the following are related to Single/One-sample t-test?
DV is continuous
DV is normally distributed
cases of samples should not be independent
is used when we want to know the mean difference between the sample mean & the known value of the population mean
Independent sample t-test is for... while Correlated/Paired samples t-test is for...
within subjects; between subjects
between subjects; within subjects
Which of the following are the assumptions of independent sample t-test?
the variances of two populations are equal
the two samples are independent
both samples are simple random samples from their respective populations
the distribution or the population is that of a normal distribution or a normal population
Which of the following are examples of operational definition for depression?
Depression is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act.
Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed.
Depression is the score on a mood questionnaire.
Depression is number of times someone has thought about suicide in the last month.
Which of the following is the main advantage of naturalistic observation?
High internal validity
High external validity
Save money
Save time
If you want to know how students judge their own behaviour, which of the following data collection technique should you pick?
Naturalistic observation
Systematic observation
Surveys/Questionnaires
Archival data
How does systematic observation increase internal validity?
it increases external validity
behaviours are observed under controlled conditions
it decreases external validity
distraction from normal life are minimised
Archival data allows us to estimate a trend of something, however...
it is time consuming
it is difficult
it may not directly respond to the research question
it is too easy to be analysed
Which of the research design matches the description:
"Design that focuses on observing just one or a few individuals"
Case study
Experiment
Quasi-experiment
Correlational study
Can correlational studies test a causal relationship?
Yes
No
Which of the following is the best design to test a causal relationship?
Case Study
Correlational Study
Experiment
Quasi-experiment
Subjects are grouped based on a characteristic they already possess such as age, gender (Ex post facto design), is this a quasi-experiment?
Yes
No
Which of the following is defined as numerical categories with a true zero point
Numerical
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Which of the following is an example of an ordinal scale?
Letter grades earned in a course (A, B, C, D, E, F)
Subjects choose their favourite hobby from a list of 10 common hobbies
Age measured in days since birth
The amount of money you paid in tuition this year
Ratings on personality surveys with values from 1 to 5
Numerical
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
How do you ensure high construct validity of your scale if you are measuring depression in children?
Use nonverbal scale (pictorial response)
Use scale that is designed for adults
Use scale full of words
How do you know if your questionnaire has good face validity?
When items on a questionnaire are randomly arranged
When items on a questionnaire seem to relate to the concept being measured
When items on a questionnaire are easy to be answered
When items on a questionnaire are printed correctly without spelling errors
How do you ensure inter-observer/inter-rater reliability?
Observers are trained to code behaviours in different ways
Observers are trained to code behaviours in the same way
Which are the types of manipulations of independent variable?
Type of treatment or situation
Amount of a factor in a treatment or situation
Presence and absence of a treatment or situation
Having experimental and control group
Age, ethnicity, gender, personality types (eg: introverts and extroverts) are examples of which variable?
Independent variable
Quasi-independent variable
Dependent variable
When internal validity is high, external validity is...
high
low
equal
____________ is procedure used to hide the group assignment from the participants in a study to prevent their beliefs about the effectiveness of a treatment from affecting the results.
Double-blind design
Single-blind design
Placebo
Which of the following can be done to counter experimenter bias?
Placebo
Double-blind design
Single-blind design
Counterbalance
"Order of conditions in subjects design that can affect data collected in other conditions." is referring to...
Testing effect
Order effect
Experimenter bias
Hawthrone effect
Testing effects can be countered by
minimising the number of trials
maximising the number of trials
use within-subjects variable
use between-subject variable
________can occur when participants score higher or lower than their personal average; the next time they are tested, they are more likely to score near their personal average, making overall scores unreliable
Order effect
Testing effect
Regression toward the mean
Hawthrone effect
One of the factors that influence external validity:
Attrition/mortality
Order effect
Testing effect
Experimenter bias
Which of the following is an example of hawthrone effect?
High score on test in class with low average grade
Workers' productivity improves when they know they are being observed
Professional athlete has high performing year compared with average performance
Researcher treats groups differently based on knowledge of the hypothesis
Difference between third-variable problem and confounding variable
The presence of extraneous factors in a study that affect the dependent variable and can decrease the internal validity of the study
a third variable is variable that is present in addition to the dependent and independent variable while an extraneous or third variable becomes confounding when it could influence the results
An extraneous factor present in a study that may
affect the results
They are both extraneous factors present in a study that may
affect the results
In a between-subjects experiment, what can be used to control for differences?
matched design
random assignment
order effects
testing effects
Two ways of a matched design
measure the characteristic of participants and and put them into groups which they share the same characteristic
measure the characteristic during the experiment and compare the groups in an additional analysis
participants are matched on a characteristic that may contribute to group differences and random assigned to
different groups
Order effect is most likely to occur in...?
within-subjects experiment
between subject experiments
Reverse Counterbalancing is...
ABCCBA
ABCCAB
ABCBB
ABCCAC
Two-Way ANOVA is used when...
one IV one DV
one IV two DV
two IV two DV
two IV one DV
Which of the following are the characteristics to use ANOVA?
IV must categorical
DV must be continuous
Between-group design
when there are two or more IVs
Primary advantages of a factorial design:
more efficient in testing the effects of multiple independent
variables in one experiment (main effect)
not able to detect the different effects a factor might have on behaviour in different situations
examine the combined effects of those independent variables on the dependent variable (interaction effect)
more efficient in testing the effects of only one independent
variable in one experiment
What is an interaction effect?
effect of one independent variable depends on the levels of another independent variable
effect of one dependent variable depends on the levels of another independent variable
effect of one dependent variable depends on the levels of another dependent variable
effect of one independent variable depends on the levels of another dependent variable
Type of Interaction when 2 Independent Variables tend to reverse each other’s effects is...
Antagonistic Interactions
Synergistic Interactions
Ceiling Effect Interactions
Type of Interaction in which one Independent Variable has a smaller effect when paired with a second variable is...
Antagonistic Interactions
Synergistic Interactions
Ceiling Effect Interactions
Type of Interaction in which 2 Independent Variables tend to increase each other’s effects is...
Antagonistic Interactions
Synergistic Interactions
Ceiling Effect Interactions
Parallel lines in a line graph for factorial experiments show an interaction effect is present.
True
False
Mixed Factorial Design requires...
one between groups IV and one continuous DV
one between groups IV and one within subjects IV, one continuous DV
one between groups IV and one within subjects IV, one categorical DV
one within subjects IV, one categorical DV
Advantages of Mixed Factorial Design
allows generalization of the repeated measures over the randomized groups levels
reduced error due to the use of repeated measures
allows a more accurate and reliable results
Which of the following test should be used if there are one between, one within subjects factor?
One-way ANOVA
Two-ways ANOVA
One-way repeated measure ANOVA
Mixed Between-Within ANOVA
When examine________, Quasi-experiment is usually used because random assignment would be difficult or impossible.
Systematic behaviour
Realistic behaviour
Sources of bias in pretest post test design: events that occur during the course of a study to all or individual participants that can result in bias
Regression toward the mean
History effect
Hawthorne effect
Testing effect
The Solomon four-group design is a pre-test post-test design where_____
the experimental and control groups are randomly assigned
there are two experimental and control groups, one that takes the pre-test and one that does not take the pre-test
a historical event is used at the “treatment”
the experimental group is randomly assigned
_____ is a time-series design where the “treatment” is an independent event, such as a historical event
Noninterrupted time-series design
Interrupted time-series design
"A researcher was interested in the effect of a new therapy on depression. The researcher may choose to conduct a time- series design because depressive symptoms may change throughout the year." This is a _____
Noninterrupted time-series design
Interrupted time-series design
"Developmental studies where individuals are observed at different ages, or other types of changes that occur to individuals over a period of time" which of the following bias may occur?
History effect
Testing effect
Attrition/Mortality
Maturation effect
Pre-test post-test designs are quasi-experiments when they do not contain a_____
confounding variable
dependent variable
randomly assigned control group
independent variable
One or a few participants complete a large number of trials of task to describe how performance on the task operates, this is a _______
Baseline design
Small-n designs
Discrete trials design
Longitudinal design
_____ is a developmental design that treat age as a between-subjects variable, compare different age groups of participants where each participant contributes data for only one age group
Baseline design
Longitudinal design
Cross-sectional design
Discrete trials design
Which of the following allows for good tests of causal relationships for behaviours where there are few individual differences?
Baseline design
Discrete trials design
Cross-sequential design
Longitudinal design
"Groups of 3-year-olds and 10-year-olds are tested each year over 10 years on their ability to pay attention on a task" This is an example of _____
Cross-sectional design
Longitudinal design
Cohort-sequential / cross-sequential design
Baseline design
ANCOVA must always has at least _____
1 or more categorical grouping IVs, 1 or more continuous covariates, and 1 Continuous DV
1 or more categorical grouping IVs, 1 or more categorical covariates, and 1 Continuous DV
1 or more continuous grouping IVs, 1 or more continuous covariates, and 1 Continuous DV
1 or more categorical grouping IVs, 1 or more continuous covariates, and 1 Categorical DV
What are the characteristics of a covariate?
Continuous variable
Categorical variable
measured reliably, correlate significantly with DV
independent; cannot be related to any categorical factor being tested
Which of the following statements are true about covariate (more than one answer)
Covariate helps reduce residual variation (error variance)
Want high correlation with DV; low with other covariates
Choosing a covariate has to be based on theory and previous research
Covariate reduces confounding influence of group differences
Other than normality, reliability of covariate and homogeneity of variances, what are the other assumptions needed for ANCOVA?
Linearity
Independence of covariate and treatment effect
Homogeneity of regression slopes
Validity of covariate
For linearity, relationship between _______ and ______ is _______
IV, covariate; straight
DV, covariate; straight
DV, covariate; curved
IV, DV; straight
Homogeneity of Regression, we want the slopes between covariate and DV to be _____
similar
different
"a group of individuals a researcher seeks to learn about from a research study" is this a____
population
sample
How is quota sampling different from stratified random sampling?
it is not done randomly in regards to the subgroups
it is done randomly in regards to the subgroups
"sample chosen randomly from the population such that each individual has an equal chance of being selected" this is a ______
Simple random sampling
Cluster sampling
Snowball sampling
Stratified random sampling
What are the disadvantages of a convenience sampling method?
low representativeness
low validity
high sampling error
difficult to recruit participants
"Doctors who work at hospitals are chosen for a sample by identifying all hospitals in different areas of the US and then randomly choosing 10 hospitals in each area of the US to sample form." This is an example of _____
Convenience sampling
Stratified random sampling
Cluster sampling
Snowball sampling
"Reduces sampling error by choosing from all members of the population to best represent the population" which of the following sampling method provides this advantage?
Simple random sampling
Convenience sampling
Stratified random sampling
Quota sampling
Disadvantages of internet sampling _____
smaller subgroups in the population may require extra work to include in the sample
difficult to balance group size in between-subjects designs
difficult to control who completes a study on the Internet
difficult to monitor participants during the study procedure to rule out sources of bias such as distraction
difficult to monitor repeat participation from the same individuals
Correlational analysis: Research question is to establish _____, NOT ______
causes; relationship
relationship; causes
Correlation describes the relationship between two ______ variables, in terms of both the ____ and ____ of the relationship
continuous; strength, direction
continuous; degree, direction
categorical; strength, direction
categorical; strength, degree
In linear regression, Predictor variable/ explanatory variable/ IV: the variable that is predicting the DV is also called ________
y (y-axis)
x (x-axis)
If there is a negative correlation between the two variables, that is high scores on one variable are related with ____ scores on the other.
high
low
Factor that affects correlation:
Reliability: If measurements do not reliably distinguished individuals on the measures, it would not accurately reflect the accuracy of the relationship
True
False
Factor that affects correlation
Linearity: Nonlinear relationships is suitable for a measure designed to find a linear relationship
True
False
What does the r in correlational analysis stand for?
Correlation
Correlation coefficient
Coefficient
Significant value
Correlation and Linear regression can be used to test causal relationship.
True
False
Which of the following describes a predictive research question?
a research question that asks about thepresence of behavior, how frequently it is exhibited, or whether there is a relationship between different behaviours
a research question that asks if one behavior can be predicted from another behavior to allow predictions of future behaviour
a research question that asks what causes specific behaviors to occur
Which of the following best describes construct validity?
The scores are indicative of the construct the survey was designed to measure
The scores are similar each time a participant takes the survey
determining the validity of the scores of a survey by examining the relationship between the survey scores and other established measures of the behaviour of interest
on the surface, a study or scale appears to be intuitively valid
"a sampling error that occurs when individuals chosen for the sample do not respond to the survey, biasing the sample" this is ____
Coverage error
Social desirability bias
Nonresponse error
Rate how much you like RSM, from 1 to 10, this is an example of _____
Open-ended response scale
Close-ended response scale
What is test-retest reliability?
a form of reliability that tests relationships between scores on different items of a survey
indicates that the scores on a survey will be similar when participants complete the survey more than once
method of testing scores’ internal consistency that indicates the average correlation between scores on all pairs of items on a survey
method of testing scores’ internal consistency that indicates if the scores are similar on different sets of questions on a survey that address similar topics
In correlational studies, finding of a relationship among variables provides information about the causal relationship between those variables
True
False
"a research question that asks about the presence of behaviour, how frequently it is exhibited, or whether there is a relationship between different behaviours" This is a _____
Descriptive research question
Predictive research question
Causal research question
"In areas where the temperature is lower in winter, people tend to score higher on depression surveys" This show a ____
Positive relationship
Negative relationship
No relationship
When do we use Multiple Regression?
when we have 1 continuous DV and 1 continuous IV
when we have 1 continuous DV and more than 1 continuous IV
when we have 1 continuous IV and more than 1 continuous DV
when we have 1 continuous DV and more than 1 categorical IV
"The independent variables are entered into the model in the order specified by the researcher based on theoretical grounds" this is _____
Standard Multiple Regression
Hierarchical Multiple Regression
A team of researchers wants to use content analysis to examine the behaviour of people in a crowd. Specifically, the researchers want to examine whether the number of times a person displays anger or frustration depends on the number of other people that are in close proximity. Which of the following statements is false?
The researchers would want to specify their sampling domain in advance
The researchers might want to assess the level of inter-rater reliability in categorizing particular displays of emotion as anger or frustration
The researchers would seek to clarify the nature of the coding categories “anger” and “frustration” after they have collected their data
The researchers may want to perform statistical analysis on the data they obtain
1.The goal is to abstract core analytic themes from the data
2.Although still a reduction of data, data remains in qualitative form
This is a _____
Content Analysis
Thematic Analysis
Repertory grid analysis
Which of the following
"shares the belief of the importance to investigate subjective perspective or personal constructs of participants"
Content Analysis
Thematic Analysis
Repertory Grid Analysis
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