A new way of thinking about the natural world that was based on careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs

A doctrine proposed by Copernicus that the stars and planets orbited around the sun.

A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas. First a question arises from an observation, a hypothesis is formed, that hypothesis is then tested in experiments and data is collected. This data is then analyzed and conclusions made that either support or disprove the original hypothesis.

An Italian scientist who built on the new theories of astronomy but was forced by the Catholic Church to recant his discoveries

An English statesman and writer, that believed that a better understanding of the world would improve lives. He was a strong proponent of EMPIRICISM (or the experimental method)

Believed that scientists needed to reject old assumptions and teachings. Rather than using experimentation he relied on logic and mathematics.

An English scientist that brought together the findings of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under his theory of motion.

An Italian scientist who built on the new theories of astronomy but was forced by the Catholic Church to recant his discoveries

An English statesman and writer, that believed that a better understanding of the world would improve lives. He was a strong proponent of EMPIRICISM (or the experimental method)

Believed that scientists needed to reject old assumptions and teachings. Rather than using experimentation he relied on logic and mathematics.

An English scientist that brought together the findings of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under his theory of motion.

An earth-centered view of the universe that was supported by Christian doctrine from 1300 to 1600.

An intellectual movement that reached its height in the mid-1700s that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems.

A concept first proposed by Thomas Hobbes in his work titled, THE LEVIATHAN, that argues that people willingly surrender their natural rights to a strong monarch and in return they gain law and order.

Influenced by the English Civil War, he was convinced that men were naturally selfish and wicked. Because of this, they required a government to keep order, otherwise, it would be man against man. He argued that because of this, men gave up all of their rights to a strong government. He called this a “SOCIAL CONTRACT”

Rejected the idea of an absolute monarchy and proposed a doctrine of self-government finding that the only natural purpose for government is to protect the natural rights of its citizens.

One of the most brilliant of the philosophes who fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious beliefs, and freedom of speech.

Was devoted to political liberty and developed the concept of divided powers of government (legislative powers, executive powers, and judicial powers) being a means to keeping the government from becoming too powerful that it oppresses the natural rights of its citizens.

Social critics (political) of France who believed that people could apply reason to all aspects of life. They had 5 concepts at the core of their beliefs, reason, nature, happiness, progress and liberty.

He wrote, “man was born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” This statement gets at the heart of his belief that the only good government was one that was formed by the people and guided by the general will of society. He agrees with Hobbes in that people give up their rights to join a just government.

An Italian philosophe believed that laws exist to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes. He regularly criticized common abuses of justice. He argued that a person accused of a crime deserved a speedy trial and that torture should never be used. He also argued that the degree of punishment should fit the crime.

She disagreed with many of the Philosophes when it came to women’s education. She believed that women, like men, need education to become virtuous and useful

She was the ruler most admired by the philosophes. She ruled Russia from 1762-1796 and was well educated and exchanged many letters with Voltaire. She ruled with absolute authority but tried to use that authority to reform Russia

This is a social event hosted by some of the wealthy women of Paris. These events were largely responsible for the spread of these Enlightenment ideas because, at these “parties” some of the greatest philosophes of the time would meet to share ideas with the other great thinkers of the period.

This is often thought of an artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, and music. The style began around 1600 in Rome, Italy and spread to most of Europe.

Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome. The main Neoclassical movement coincided with the 18th century Age of

Enlightenment, and continued into the early 19th century, latterly competing with Romanticism. In architecture, the style continued throughout the 19th and 20th centuries and into the 21st.

A form of absolute

monarchy or despotism in which rulers were influenced by the Enlightenment. Enlightened monarchs embraced the principles of the Enlightenment, especially its emphasis upon rationality, and applied them to their territories. They tended to allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education.

The document that expresses the reasons the colonist were declaring their reasons for separating from England and establishing their own form of government. It is VERY representative of the Enlightenment ideas of the time. Concepts like equality, natural rights, liberty and just authority are all expressed in the body of this document.

The main author of the Declaration of Independence and 3^rd president of the United States of America.

Ratified in 1781, this was the first official government of the United States of America. It established a Confederation that allowed the 13 original states to maintain their sovereignty and also created a weak central government in the form of a unicameral legislature called the Congress.

By creating a government with three separate branches, the founders reflected the ideas of Montesquieu. Each of the branches of government protects their own authority by keeping the other branches of government from enhancing their authority. In this way, the government will be limited and can not infringe on the rights of the citizen

This is a political system that divides power between a national government and state governments

This is the first ten amendments of the Constitution. These amendments protect such basic rights as freedom of speech, of the press, and assembly.