Who said the following: “He was preparing Hell for people

who asked such questions.” Instead, he said that time was a property of the universe that God created, and

that time did not exist before the beginning of the universe.

The ________________ model got rid of Ptolemy’s celestial spheres, and with them, the idea that the universe had a

natural boundary.

His idea was that

the sun was stationary at the center and that the earth and the planets moved in circular orbits around the sun.

He thought the earth was stationary and that the sun, the moon, the planets, and the stars moved in circular orbits about the earth.

In 1609, ___________ started observing the night sky with a telescope, which had just been invented. When he looked at the planet Jupiter, Galileo found that it was accompanied by several small satellites or moons that orbited around it. This implied that everything did not have to orbit directly around the earth, as Aristotle and Ptolemy had thought.

_________ counter-argument was that the light from distant stars would be dimmed by absorption by intervening

matter.

The questions of whether the universe had a beginning in time and whether it is limited in space were later

extensively examined by the philosopher

____________ made the landmark observation that wherever you look, distant galaxies are moving rapidly away from us.

The ________________________

describes the force of gravity and the large-scale structure of the universe, that is, the structure on scales from only a few miles to as large as a million million million million (1 with twenty-four zeros after it) miles, the size of the observable universe.