Muslims often located in Spain and the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.

Muslim empire based in Turkey, the Balkans, North Africa that lasted from the 1300s to 1922

Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the Fall of Rome. Constantinople (name after Emperor Constantine) served as the capital. Fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453.

Ottoman leader who expanded the land area, known as the “law giver” he restructured the system of law in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.

Turkish-ruled kingdom in Iran (Persia), established by Ismail who declaring it a Shi’ite state.

“people of the book”, Jews and Christians who were given special status in Muslim controlled territories

Tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion

“blood tax”: “selection” Turkish tribute system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries

“new soldier” in Turkish, elite infantry unit made up of Christian boys who were given as tributes and converted to Islam that served as the Sultan’s household troops and bodyguards.

“sacred place”, the private domain of an Ottoman sultan, where he and his wives resided

The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Empire located in modern day Iran that at one time stretched as far as Egypt and Iraq.

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Muslim rulers who controlled India and ruled over a large Hindu majority.

A local official in Mughal India who received a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government

“Crown of the Palace”, ivory-white marble Islamic mausoleum in the Indian city, Agra, commissioned by emperor Shah Jahan to house the omb of his favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal. 42 acre complex includes mosque, guest house and tomb for Shah Jahan as well.

Muslim Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India. Considered their greatest ruler. Responsible for expansion of the empire, increase in trade, and spread of culture and religious tolerance.