Sharp-edged ridge of rock separating two cirques formed when two or more cirques erode backwards by the processes of abrasion and plucking.

Very deep, steep-sided gorge, usually dry and formed by water erosion rivers erode downwards by processes of abrasion and hydraulic action.

An armchair shaped rock hollow, with a steep back wall and a deepened basin, formed by glacial erosion as snow accumulates at high altitudes and then compresses to form ice. The weight of ice forces a rotational movement, removing material by plucking and abrasion.

Small, oval mounds up to 1,5km long and 100m high, formed by glacial deposition. As glaciers move over exposed bedrock, friction occurs causing the glacier to drop its load. The glacier continues to move over the deposited material, smoothing out the hill in the direction of glacial movement.

Glacier-transported rock fragments that have different geology to the surrounding bedrock. They may be embedded in till or on the ground surface,

Line of loose rock characterised by angular, ungraded material weathered from the valley sides and carried by glaciers.

The ridges of materials found on the sides of a glacier.

A crescent-shaped mound found at the end of a glacier.

Stone circles and polygons found in soils in periglacial environments, formed by repeated freeze-thaw action and frost heave which pushes larger stones to the side and moves smaller particles to the surface.

Perpetually frozen ground that has remained frozen for at least 2 years.

Isolated, cone-shaped hill (up to 90m high and 800, wide) found in periglacial areas formed by the movement and freezing of water under pressure. Can be "open" or "closed".

A large, flat area at high altitude.

An accumulation of sand forming regular landforms, formed as a result of deposition when there is a high wind speed and a large supply of sand.

A process found in periglacial areas where soil becomes liquified and flows downhill, as the upper layer of permafrost soil thaws, allowing rain water to infiltrate. However, when the water reaches permafrost it cannot penetrate, so it flows downhill, taking soil with it.

A landscape of small hills (hummocks) and depressions (hollows) with many lakes, caused by the melting of permafrost releasing water at the surface. Frozen ground reduces infiltration, creating lakes and small hills.

A steep-sided valley with flat bottom and sides found in glacial areas formed where glaciers erode original river valleys by processes such as plucking and abrasion.

A wide, dry river bed found in arid areas that has been eroded by flash floods, with heavy rainstorms create rushing currents on steep slopes.

Long ridge of rock with the lower area eroded more than the upper layer, which is formed by wind erosion. The top layer of rock is more resistant rock and erodes more slowly than the lower, softer rock.

A mushroom shaped rock formation found in arid areas, which is formed by wind erosion. The less-resistant, first layer of rock has been worn away by wind erosion, leaving behind the more resistant upper layer.

A large, isolated area of a plateau that has become isolated from the main plateau through downward erosion by rivers.

The isolated peak remnant of a former mesa formed by weathering and erosion of its sides by rainfall and temperature changes.

A mechanical weathering process found in arid areas whereby formation of salt crystals leads to the disintegration of rocks

A process of erosion in arid areas by which wind removes smaller surface materials, leaving behind larger rocks called a desert pavement.

A process of erosion in arid areas where rock is worn away particles carried in the wind.

Uplift of the soil surface or foundations caused by freezing of moisture in the soil.

A bare mound of rock that can vary in size from a few meters to hundreds of meters high. These rocks are smoothed and polished on their up-valley side by abrasion, but plucked on their down-valley side as ice accelerates.

A process of erosion that occurs during glaciation. As ice and glaciers move, they scrape along the surrounding rock and pull away pieces of rock which causes erosion.

A process that occurs when stones within a glacier scratch against the underlying rocks as the glacier moves.

A process of erosion that happens in cold areas where ice forms. A crack in a rock can fill with water which then freezes as the temperature drops. As the ice expands, it pushes the crack apart, making it larger. When the temperature rises again, the ice melts, and the water fills the newer parts of the crack. The water freezes again as the temperature falls, and the expansion of the ice causes further expansion to the crack. This process continues until the rock breaks.

An area of unfrozen ground surrounded by permafrost.

The net downslope displacement that occurs when soil during a freeze–thaw cycle expands perpendicular to the ground surface and settles in a nearly vertical direction.

A mountain lake, pond or pool, formed in a cirque excavated by a glacier

A long, narrow, shallow lake formed in the bottom of a glacial trough due to a segment of over-deepening and/or blocking by deposits such as terminal moraine.

The peeling away of outer layers of rock in a process of physical weathering found where diurnal temperature range is very wide.

Rivers that drain into an inland lake or sea.

Rivers that have their source in another wetter environment and then flow through a desert.

Rivers that flow seasonally or after storms that often have high discharges and high sediment levels.

The net loss of water from a glacier through melting, calving, evaporation, sublimation or wind transport.

The net gain in ice mass by precipitation of snow, arrival of snow from avalanche, arrival of snow by wind transport or refreezing of melt water

A fan-shaped deposit of river load where energy has been lost due to the river exiting abruptly from a narrow upland valley to a lowland plain.

A crescent-shaped sand dune which form in desert areas experiencing generally constant winds.

A wet-point site in an arid area formed when the water-bearing rocks are exposed at the surface.

Shallow slopes formed at the base of a cliff or steep hill

A stand-alone mountain or hill which rises steeply from much flatter surroundings.

The dried out bed of a salt lake

A small glacial valley entering a larger one someway up the side of the latter.

A steep cliff face at the side of a glacial trough where a valley glacier has removed an interlocking spur. The glacier is unable to follow the winding course of the original river and bulldozes-straight through.

The area at the edge of a glacier or ice sheet which is not covered by ice but experiences very cold conditions. May also be used to refer to high altitude environments or cold high latitudes as well.

Which glacial landform is pictured here?

Which glacial landform is pictured here?

Which glacial landform is pictured here?

Which glacial landform is pictured here?

Which glacial landform is pictured here?

Which glacial landform is pictured to the sides of the glacier?

Which glacial landform is pictured here?

Which glacial deposit is pictured here?

Which glacial deposit is pictured here?

What type of glacial deposit is pictured here?

Which process associated with glacial environments was responsible for the pictured landscape?

Which process associated with glacial environments was responsible for the pictured landscape?

Which characteristic feature of periglacial environments is pictured here?

Which process associated with periglacial environments is pictured here?

Which process associated with periglacial environments is pictured here?

Frost creep is a type of solifluction that occurs because of this (SEE IMAGE) and thawing.

Which periglacial landform is pictured here?

Which glacial landscape is pictured here?

Which glacial landform is pictured here?

Which processes associated with hot desert regions is pictured here?

Which type of weathering is pictured here?

What type of wind erosion is shown here?

Which type of desert landform is pictured here?

Which type of desert landform is pictured here?

Which type of desert landform is pictured here?

Which type of desert landform is pictured here?

Which type of desert landform is pictured here?

Which type of desert landform is pictured here?

Which type of desert landform is pictured here?

Which type of desert landform is pictured here?

Which type of desert landform is pictured here?

Which type of desert landform is pictured here?

Which type of desert landform is pictured here?

Which type of desert landform is pictured here?

What type of region has annual temperatures between 5 - 30 (˚C) and annual rainfall between 250 - 600 mm?

What type of region has annual temperatures between 15 - 30 (˚C) and annual rainfall between 0 - 350 mm?