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Total questions: 93
Worksheet time: 47mins
1. (Introduction: Hamilton Textbook) What is the difference between primitive and classical mythology?
Primitive mythology is dark and scary, consisting of magic, human sacrifice, and pain and grief. It shows how high the Greeks had risen above the ancient filth and fierceness. Classical mythology is more civilized, beautiful, and rational.
Primitive mythology captures the beauty of nature through cave paintings done by the earliest of human ancestors. Classical mythology, on the other hand, captures the “realism” of human nature in terms of its potential for evil and its willingness to do good.
Primitive mythology was abandoned once humans abandoned their nomadic ways and lived as civilized beings. Classical mythology replaced all previous forms of storytelling.
2. How are the Greek gods different from Egyptian or Mesopotamian gods?
Greek gods were often depicted in hieroglyphics and cuneiform. Egyptian and Mesopotamian gods were depicted in statues only.
Greek gods had human characteristics, and flaws, which made them more realistic. Egyptian and Mesopotamian were human-animal hybrids, which made them more terrifying and unapproachable.
Greek gods never descended from Olympus to interact with humanity. This is what influenced the later Christian teachEgyptian and Mesopotamian gods often had a direct hand in influencing the outcome of wars and other major and minor events.
3. What is “the miracle of Greek mythology” (17, Hamilton Text)?
It served as the basis of the Christian Bible. The stories of the Greater and Lesser Gods provided a synopsis of the relationship between God and His angels. Olympus represented the Christian concept of Heaven, Hades represented Hell.
It offered humans the secret to immortality. Since Greek mythology was developed alongside Sumerian culture, which produced the Epic of Gilgamesh, whose hero also pursued immortality, it was only natural that Greek culture would fall under the influence of the Mesopotamian empires.
It helped to “humanize” the world by eliminating the Unknown. Greek mythology put the world in order.
4. What are the “dark spots” referred to by Edith Hamilton (18-19)?
They cited the inconsistencies in ancient societies. They defined human relationships between humans and nature.
These were times where the gods committed deeds that were unlike the foundation of Greek Mythology, or what you would believe is ethical for a god to do.
They were anomalies that early Greek scientists could see on the moon with their rudimentary telescopes. They would interpret these spots as omens.
5. How does Hamilton define mythology? _.
It is the Greek’s way of explaining their regional religions.
It is the Greek’s way of putting the universe into order scientifically.
It is the Greek's way of explaining the unexplainable.
6. What is Hamilton’s explanation for differing views of the same gods?
Mythology remains consistent across cultures. For example, when Rome began to build its country, and thus its culture, it copied verbatim all of the Greek myths for they were perfect in nature. Ovid’s myths are unoriginal and are considered to be replicas of Homer’s myths by the historical community.
Mythology remains consistent within a region. Hamilton explored one culture outside of the Greco-Roman region of the Mediterranean. That was the Scandanavian culture that produced the Vikings and their reverence of deities like Odin and Thor, whose abilities resembled Cronus and Zeus’ abilities respectively. This was because the Vikings concerned themselves with what made other cultures great so that they could essentially incorporate the values they came across into their own culture.
Mythology changes when it encounters new cultures. Through interactions with Ancient China, the Greeks learned about new animals and new myths, incorporating them into their own myths and stories. Sea monsters such as Charybdis was based on the mythical dragons that existed in Chinese legend.
Mythology changes as people develop and change. There are different versions of a single story because these stories come from different times and from different authors. One example is the fact that two writers, Homer and Hesiod, both recognize Zeus as the chief of the gods, but they view his character in different ways.
8. (5 points) What is the best guide to Greek mythology?
Each writer of Greek mythology is a guide.
The Hamilton Mythology textbook is the best guide to Greek mythology.
A person who reads and participates in the stories is a guide.
The characters in the Greek myths guide people toward a moral path.
14. (4 points) Who are two well-known lesser Roman gods? Fill-in-the-blanks based on the paragraph comparing each god. “The first god was exiled from Olympus in the civil war between the Twelve Olympians and the Titans. He was the father of Zeus, the chief god of the Olympians. After fleeing to Rome, this former Titan became the patron of agriculture. The Greek variation of his name means “to keep time,” which is why he was important to keeping up with planting and harvesting seasons. His name was _. The god of all beginnings, it was believed that his association with doorways was derived from the fact that a prayer festival was associated with the departure of the Roman army from the gates of Rome. He was invoked as the first of any gods in regular liturgies. The beginning of the day, month, and year, both calendrical and agricultural, were sacred to him. The first month of the year was named after him.
Saturn
Mars
Jupiter
Janus
15. (Chapter 2 The Two Great Gods of Earth: Demeter (Ceres) / Dionysus (Bacchus) What do Greeks believe are two basic gifts that earth gives to man?
Fire (which allowed humans to warm themselves, cook their food, and shape metal into tools and weapons) and water (which humans use to drink, bathe, and grow food).
c. Elements (like gold and silver, which are valuable in that they can be coined and used in sales transactions) and soil (which is fertile and can be used to produce food).
Grains (which are represented by wheat that can be made into bread, among other types of grains) and Vines (which grow the grapes that produce the wine that helps to commemorate Dionysus).
The gods did not share their gifts with humans. It took the personal risk of Prometheus to expose humans to the knowledge of the gods.
16. How are Dionysus and Demeter different from the Twelve Gods of mythology?
They were smaller in stature, more human-like in appearance, and as a result were more relatable to humans because their lifespans were based on the seasons. They would be reborn during a planting or harvest season based on which they were a patron of.
They were animal-like or plant-like in appearance and lacked the human qualities that the other Olympians had. This was the result of the fact that their abilities related to nature and natural occurrences.
They were Mankind's “Best Friends.” Their intentions, powers, and abilities were used for the sake of helping mankind. Other deities used their powers to control, subjugate, and trick men into doing their bidding.
17. The following description is describing what relationship? “When Demeter was angry that her daughter Persephone was taken by Hades, she turned the Earth into a frozen desert.” Whenever Persephone returns to Demeter, it warms her heart, and thus the Earth warms up.”
Demeter’s contentious relationship with her daughter, Persephone, who disobeyed Demeter and married Hades.
Persephone’s relationship with Hades, which was negative. She was always trying to escape from Hades, who she was forced to marry.
Demeter’s relationship to and influence over the Four Seasons.
18. According to myth, how is Dionysus born? How is this related to Dionysus’ association with grapes and wine?
Dionysus was born from a grape vine. As the flowers of the vine unfurled, they exposed a baby infant, who was taken to Mt. Olympus to be cared for. He became the patron of celebrations and wine was his symbol.
Dionysus was born by fire and nursed by the rain. The heat, represented by fire, ripens the grapes, and the rain, which represented the water, made the grapes stay moist and alive.
19. WOTF choices IS NOT true regarding Dionysus?
Dionysus is the God of Wine.
He teaches humans the culture about the vine and the mysteries of his worship.
Dionysus is purely from Greek tradition.
He is the Greek god of healing and he teaches humans how to use wine to heal, but he also warns of what could happen if humans overindulge in their wine use.
20. What are the two contrasting ideas associated with the worship of Dionysus? (Please list them in alphabetical order.) 1) _ and 2) _.
a. Joy
b. Violence
Joy
Love
Hate
Violence
21. Why is Dionysus considered so important to Greeks?
Dionysus was the patron of the ancient Olympic games, which was chief among the various Greek civilizations. His healing ability provided comfort for athletes who exerted themselves during strenuous events.
The Greeks, the Athenians in particular, were a high-minded people. They enjoyed their fair share of parties and performances. As the patron of celebration whose symbol was wine, Dionysus was a very important divine figure when it came to parties.
The Twelve Olympian Gods did not inspire the Greeks in the way that Dionysus did. The role he played in the myths about him made him appear the most human. And the challenges he overcame without the cosmic powers of Zeus or Poseidon, for example, made him identifiable with some of the flaws and challenges that humans had to overcome on a daily basis.
22. How does Dionysus become a symbol of resurrection?
Dionysus had the power of shapeshifting. He could assume the form of different animals, such as insects, which could regrow limbs. It is through images such as these that Dionysus became associated with resurrection.
Dionysus was closely associated with wine. Greeks designed their calendar off the growth and harvest cycle of wine. It was through this association that Dionysus became the symbol of resurrection.
Dionysus, like Demeter, is also a representation of the seasons. Since spring is often associated with rebirth or regrowth, Dionysus will return to life in the spring, then die in the winter.
23. What is the connection between Dionysus and the Greek theater?
Wine was served at performances.
Ushers for the ceremonies often dressed like Dionysus to commemorate the opening night of a particular play.
Dionysus was featured as a protagonist in ALL of the major Greek plays.
The world’s first amphitheater was dedicated to Dionysus. To celebrate the arrival of spring, which was Dionysus’ return, theatrical performances were a main feature of this time of year.
24. (Chapter 3 How the World and Mankind Were Created) What is Hesiod’s version of the creation of man?
Mankind was created simply by accident. The flow of Chaos brought about the formation of humans.
Humans were created to do the bidding of the gods to advance the Earth from its primordial state into a more utopian state.
Every generation had more and more human-like qualities. Hamilton also added that humans created the gods in their image, which contrasts the Christian belief that humans are created in God’s image.
25. A male deity who was worshipped by the pre-Hellenic population of Greece but probably was not widely worshipped by the Greeks themselves; he was later identified with the Roman god Saturn. His functions were connected with agriculture; in Attica his festival, the Kronia, celebrated the harvest and resembled the Saturnalia. In art he was depicted as an old man holding an implement, probably originally a sickle but interpreted as a harpē, or curved sword. His son, Zeus, king of the Olympians, sent exiled him to Italy where he was adopted by the Romans. _.
Jupiter
Mars
Cronus
Mercury
blank 26. In Greek religion, she was an ancient goddess, probably pre-Hellenic in origin, who was worshipped sporadically throughout the Greek world. She was associated with fruitfulness and had affinities with Gaea (Earth) and the Great Mother of the Gods (also called Cybele). A daughter of Uranus (Heaven) and Gaea, she married her brother Cronus, who, warned that one of his children would be fated to overthrow him, swallowed his children Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and Poseidon soon after they were born. Rhea concealed the birth of Zeus in a cave on Mount Dicte in Crete and gave Cronus a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes. This he swallowed in the belief that it was Zeus. Subsequently, Cronus was vanquished by Zeus and was forced to disgorge the swallowed children. _.
Minerva
Venus
Saturn
Juno
Rhea
27. Who is Atlas? What does he have to do?
None of the Choices.
He was a Titan who was exiled by Zeus to Italy where he would become the patron of farming. He was adopted by the Latins as a savior who would usher in a Golden Age for Rome. In Roman art, he is depicted as an old man who carries a farming implement.
He was one of the Greek sea gods who was also the patron of horses and produced the Cyclops to guard his treasures. He was brother to Zeus and Hades and was one of the founders of Mount Olympus.
In Greek Mythology, he was a TITAN who was responsible for bearing the weight of the heavens on his shoulders, a punishment bestowed on him by ZEUS. He was given this task in retribution for him leading the Titans into battle, or TITANOMACHY, against the Olympian Gods for control of the heavens.
blank 28. In Greek mythology, this Titan had a reputation as being something of a clever trickster and he famously gave the human race the gift of fire and the skill of metalwork, an action for which he was punished by Zeus, who ensured everyday that an eagle ate the liver of the Titan as he was helplessly chained to a rock. His name meant "Forethought” and he was one of the ringleaders of the battle between the Titans and the Olympian gods led by Zeus to gain control of the heavens, a struggle which was said to have lasted ten years. He did, however, switch sides and support the victorious Olympians when the Titans would not follow his advice to use trickery in the battle. According to Hesiod’s Theogony, his father was Iapetus, his mother was Clymene (or Themis in other versions) and his brothers were fellow Titans Epimetheus (Afterthought or Hindsight), Menoetius, and Atlas. One of his sons was Deucalion, an equivalent of Noah, who survived a great flood by sailing in a great chest for nine days and nights and who, with his wife Pyrrha, became the founder of the human race. _. _ quickly exhausted the supply of gifts allotted for the task in the equipment of animals, leaving his brother’s masterpiece, mankind, completely helpless. As a result the Titan brother was forced to steal fire from heaven to arm them. Zeus was angered by this theft and ordered the creation of Pandora, the first woman, as a means to deliver evil into the house of man. Despite the warnings of his brother, this Titan happily received her as his bride, but as soon as she arrived she lifted the lid of a jar entrusted her by the gods, releasing a plague of harmful daimones (spirits) to trouble mankind. Only Hope (Elpis) remained behind to succor the unfortunate race. This Titan’s name was derived from the Greek words epi-, epeita, and mêtis, and means "afterthought" or "late counselling."
Prometheus
Poseidon
Hades
Epimetheus
Loki
29. What gifts does Epimetheus give to animals? What does Prometheus give to mankind to make us superior to animals?
Epimetheus gives animals four legs for more balance, antlers, claws, and teeth for protection and tools to obtain food. Prometheus gives man a superior mind to allow for dominion over said beasts.
Epimetheus gives animals the ability to communicate through non-verbal cues, the ability to communicate through low frequencies to warn each other about the presence of humans, and telepathy. Prometheus gives man a dull senses that make humans poor hunters unable to catch food and thus ensure that nature will always have dominion over human society.
Epimetheus gives animals speed, cunning, and protective covering. Prometheus gives man the gift of a nobler shape, standing upright like gods.
31. “The first humans were gold and virtually perfect; the next were silver; then brass, each worse than the last. The humans now upon the earth are the gods’ fifth and worst version yet—the iron race. Full of evil and wickedness, each successive generation worsens until, one day, Zeus will wipe it out. There is also an explanation for how the perfect creatures of the Golden Age grew wicked. Zeus, outraged at Prometheus’s treachery in giving humans fire and helping them cheat the gods with their offers of sacrifice, decides to punish men. He creates Pandora, the first woman, who, like the biblical Eve, brings suffering upon humanity through her curiosity. The gods give Pandora a box and tell her never to open it. She foolishly does, however, allowing all the evils of the universe pent up inside to rush out. The one thing she manages to retain in the box is Hope, humans’ only comfort in the face of misfortune.” This passage is a summary of WOTF? _.
First Creation Myth
Third Creation Myth
Second Creation Myth
Fourth Creation Myth
32. What does Prometheus do that angers Zeus? _.
Prometheus makes humans more beautiful and more intelligent than the gods leading to Olympus’ downfall.
Prometheus makes humans immortal and tells them that their prayers make the gods immortal.
Prometheus steals knowledge, particularly of fire, and gives it to humans.
33. How is Prometheus tortured? _.
Crows pick at his flesh until he dies; he is then reborn; the process repeats for eternity.
He is left to toil in the deserts of Tartarus.
He has to carry the weight of the world on his shoulders.
He has to roll a rock up a hill only for the rock to roll back down the hill again and again.
34. Why is Pandora created?
She was meant to be the first woman, however, she had a box with her. She was given to Epimetheus who was distracted from Prometheus’ warnings that she would open the box and unleash curses on humanity. Hope was saved when Pandora was able to replace the lid on the box.
Pandora was created by Hera to be a consort for Zeus. She was meant to be a distraction for Zeus so that he would stop making love with human women and creating demigods.
Pandora was created as a result of Zeus’ headache. She was meant to impart wisdom on human beings.
35. Why does Zeus send a flood to earth?
Mankind grew wicked. The flood was meant to cleanse the Earth of man and his wickedness.
Earth had experienced a severe worldwide drought.
The flood was used to carve out new mountains.
Poseidon and Hephaestus were locked in a battle. Zeus, who fought on Poseidon’s side, used the flood to extinguish the creations of Hephaestus, who was the god of fire.
36. Who are the only two survivors? (Prometheus’ son) _ and (Prometheus’ niece) _.
Deucalion
Noah
Pyrrha
Moses
Adam
37. Who are the Stone People? Two answers should occur in order of importance: 1) _ and 2) _.
A people who came from the “bones” of the earth.
A people who attacked followers of the gods.
The people that Zeus and Poseidon deemed to be the most corrupt.
A hard, enduring race.
38. (Chapter 4 The Earliest Heroes) This passage summarizes the story of _. “These next stories come from a wide variety of Greek and Roman sources. We pick up again with Prometheus, who, chained up in the Caucasus, has occasion to comfort a dazzling white heifer. It turns out to be no ordinary cow but a woman whom the perpetually unfaithful Zeus has seduced and then transformed into a cow to hide his transgression from Hera. Not so easily deceived, Hera asks Zeus to give her the cow and then imprisons her. Hermes, sent by Zeus, frees the “cow”. Hera retaliates by sending a gadfly to annoy the “cow” endlessly, forcing her to wander all over the world. At last encountering Prometheus, the weary “cow” learns she will soon be turned back into a human, will bear Zeus a son, through whom she will be the ancestress of Hercules—the hero who eventually frees Prometheus.”
Prometheus and Io
Hercules
Perseus
The Odyssey
The Iliad
39. _ is a figure from Greek mythology who later gave her name to the continent that contains France, Spain, Germany, Russia, and several others. According to a popular account of this myth, she was a Phoenician princess who was abducted by Zeus and whisked off to Crete. King Minos, he of the labyrinth and Minotaur fame, would be one of the results of Zeus’ rape. Her three brothers searched for her. Their search may well reflect the historical colonization of the Mediterranean by the Phoenicians from 1200 to 800 BCE.
Pandora
Hera
Saturn
Europa
Minerva
blank 40. (Chapter 4 The Flower Myths) This figure from Greek mythology was so impossibly handsome that he fell in love with his own image reflected in a pool of water. Even a lovely nymph could not manage to tempt him from his self-absorption. The boy’s name lives on with the flower into which he was transformed and as a synonym for those obsessed with their own appearance. The previous passage summarizes _.
the story of Oedipus
the story of Echo and Narcissus.
the story of Romeo and Juliet
the story of how Zeus and Hera met
blank 41. A youth of remarkable beauty, the favourite of the goddess Aphrodite (identified with Venus by the Romans). Traditionally, he was the product of the incestuous love Smyrna (Myrrha) entertained for her own father, the Syrian king Theias. Charmed by his beauty, Aphrodite put the newborn infant in a box and handed him over to the care of Persephone, the queen of the underworld, who afterward refused to give him up. An appeal was made to Zeus, the king of the gods, who decided that the youth should spend a third of the year with Persephone and a third with Aphrodite, the remaining third being at his own disposal. A better-known story, hinted at in Euripides’ Hippolytus, is that Artemis avenged her favourite, Hippolytus, by causing the death of the youth, who, being a hunter, ventured into her domain and was killed by a wild boar. Aphrodite pleaded for his life with Zeus, who allowed the youth to spend half of each year with her and half in the underworld. _.
The Story of Adonis.
The Story of Narcissus
The Story of Orion
42. This myth contrasted with most Greek myths in that a maiden was in love with a god, the Sun God, Helios, who did not return her affections. She would spend her entire day gazing up at him, following his path with her face. This is a summary of
the story of Narcissus and how he became a flower and the symbol of conceit.
the story of Pandora and her inspiration to open her box.
the story of Clytie and how she became a sunflower.
the story of Persephone and how she hoped that Helios would break her marriage to Hades.
43. (Part Two: Stories of Love and Adventure, Chapter 5 Cupid and Psyche) How Does Psyche compare in beauty with her sisters?
She is the smartest.
She is the least attractive.
She is the prettiest.
She is the least intelligent.
44. What plan does Venus have for Psyche?
Venus wants to make Psyche into a goddess because Venus has found a mortal man that she could love for herself and wants to grow old with him.
Venus wants Cupid to make her fall in love with the vilest and most despicable creature in the whole world.
Venus wants to trade Psyche to Hades for Persephone so that Persephone can be free and keep Earth in a constant spring season.
45. What happens when Cupid meets Psyche?
Cupid plays twenty-one questions with Psyche. If she answered at least 14 of the 21 correctly, she would be able to join the Olympian gods.
Cupid falls in love with her at first sight.
Cupid accidentally shoots her with a kill arrow and a patch of sunflowers grew from where Psyche lay on the ground.
Cupid shoots her with a love arrow and forces her to fall in love with him.
46. How does “the mildest of winds” help Psyche?
They helped her to escape from the Minotaur by keeping her wax wings cool.
They carried her soul to Hades.
The Zephyr carried her from the mountain top to a peaceful meadow in front of the house that Cupid had for her.
They whispered the secret answers to the 21 questions game that she was playing with Cupid.
47. When and why does Cupid appear to Psyche?
He intends to tell Psyche of his mother, Venus’s plans.
He plans on using Psyche to entice Zeus and then assassinate the king of the gods from a hidden location.
He was sent by Venus to kill Psyche because she was too beautiful and threatened Venus. He accidentally shoots an arrow at himself and falls in love with her.
He wants to kill the monster and save Psyche from its clutches.
48. How do her sisters create doubts about Psyche’s future husband?
They say that as the God of Love, Cupid will have promiscuous relationships with many women just like his father, Zeus.
Her sisters create doubts by telling her that her husband is actually one of Apollo's serpents and that he will turn on her.
Her sisters create doubts by telling Psyche that because Cupid is immortal, he will outlive her and have many relationships with women after she is gone. He will forget her over the course of time.
They tell Psyche that because Cupid is handsome like Narcissus, he will be more into himself than into her.
49. How does Psyche’s myth end?
Psyche learns of Venus’ plot and decides to contrive a plot of her own. She forms an alliance with Athena, who is the goddess of wisdom, not of beauty and love. Psyche and Athena sculpt an extremely handsome man out of clay. His features rivaled those of Narcissus. They named him, Miscere. It is from Miscere that we derive the word “promiscuous.” They use Miscere to entrap Venus.
It ends in tragedy as all of the doubts that Psyche’s sisters tell her become true. Cupid falls in love with Persephone and rescues her from the clutches of Hades. He then is unfaithful to Persephone as he makes love to and fathers several children with human women. Psyche, because of her beauty, turns into a beautiful songbird and graces the various Athenian palaces with her voice.
Venus sends Psyche to the underworld to get something from Proserpine but her curiosity causes Psyche to open the box and fall into a deep sleep. Cupid awakens Psyche and rescues her. He then goes to Zeus and asks him for Psyche to be immortal with him. Zeus calls a meeting of the gods, and they all agree. Aphrodite figures that if she is in Olympus, she can't distract from worship. Hermes carries her to Olympus where she tastes the immortal ambrosia and she and Cupid get married.
50. (Chapter 6 Eight Brief Tales of Lovers) How does the myth of Pyramus and Thisbe explain the deep red color of the mulberry bush?
Pyramus' blood stains the mulberry bush. When they both killed themselves out of love for each other, the gods took pity on them. The blood they shed for each other represents the redness of the mulberry bush.
Mulberry bushes were meant to symbolize the royal blood that Pyramus and Thisbe carried. They lost their lives, victims of the great civil war that took place between the Olympian gods and the Titans. Pyramus and Thisbe were valuable allies in helping Zeus achieve his victory. So he forced Gaea to make a tree to symbolize their loss.
Pyramus and Thisbe were the parents of Achilles, a hero of the Trojan War who lost his life in the tremendous conflict. Thisbe was adamant about restricting Achilles from joining the war, however, the young boy, who was close friends with Odysseus, king of the nearby town of Ithaca, wanted his name to be remembered in the annals of history. Achilles knew that this could only be done through the pursuit of victory in war.
51. How does the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice explain the sweetness of the nightingale’s song?
Orpheus's music was so great that all of the animate and inanimate objects follow him, and he was almost as great as a god. The nightingale's song was sweet because his music was just as sweet.
Apollo, the god of music, prophecy, truth, and healing, enjoyed having friendly competitions with humans who had artistic talents. Apollo, however, would never carry out these competitions in his natural god form. He would choose other forms so that the artists he challenged, Orpheus in this case, would not submit to Apollo’s status as a deity. This time, Apollo challenged Orpheus as a nightingale, a songbird with a wide range of skills.
The nightingale represented the beauty that can sometimes come out of the nocturnal wonders offered by the night. As in many cultures, the night also represents death and the inevitable clutches of mortality. When Orpheus saw the nightingale, he knew that it was a reminder sent to him by the gods that Eurydice, his love, had died. To unleash his sadness, he challenged the nightingale to a competition.
52. How does the myth of Ceyx and Alcyone explain the idea of Halcyon days?
Halcyon Days- "A time of waiting." This is a ritual from the times when the Greeks worshipped Dionysus. It occurred during the darkest months of winter when people desired that it become spring quickly. The Halcyon Days were the predecessors of Lent in the Catholic Church.
Halcyon Days- "Days of chaos and darkness." In the days after Alexander the Great died, his empire went into a chaotic frenzy as his generals fought over who would control the territories of his empire. When the conflict settled, it was decided that Alexander’s empire would be ruled by three of his top, most influential generals. These days were forgotten, until Julius Caesar, a man who studied Alexander the Great like a fan studies an idol, became dictator and was eventually assassinated for not returning the authority to the Roman senate. The Roman Empire, largely built and influenced by Julius Caesar entered into a similar period of chaos, which reminded Romans about the Halcyon Days.
Halcyon Days- "When storms never occur." Alcyone's husband, Ceyx died in a shipwreck and so she threw herself into the ocean. And in which the gods changed them both int a halcyon birds. When she wanted to make her nest, the water would threaten to destroy it, so Aeolus calmed the waters for 7 days to allow her to lay her eggs.
53. How does the myth of Pygmalion and Galatea illustrate the power of love?
Pygmalion and Galatea’s story conveyed a similar sentiment to Romeo and Juliet’s story to this generation of humans. Pygmalion put Galatea’s feelings first, sacrificing himself by throwing his body in front of an invading Roman legion. This allowed Galatea to flee with their family.
Pygmalion was a man who could shape-shift. He was given these powers by the gods so that he could spy on humans and provide information regarding the misbehaviors of humans. Galatea was a woman who was gifted the power of flight. If she flew high enough, she could see into the future. With their two superpowers, they became drunk with authority and corrupted humanity. But because they loved each other so much, the gods spared them because they of all beings understood how passion can sometimes be corrupting.
He loved the statue so much that he prayed to Venus to find a woman like her. His love for the statue was so powerful that his prayers worked and she became a woman. He loved her so much that his dream became a reality. This myth serves as an example that we can make our dreams into a reality if we pray, and love, hard enough.
54. Why does Pygmalion decide to remain a bachelor?
He was thinking about joining the priesthood that served Apollo, which required that men and women be virgins.
There were too many faults in real women.
He was poor and could not afford a dowry for a wife.
He was joining the military and his travels would not allow him to maintain a relationship and raise a family.
55. Under what circumstances does he fall in love?
He is shot by Cupid’s arrow.
The gods trick him into falling in love with a horse.
He produced a statue that was perfect and a work of art.
He finds a woman who resembles Psyche, the heroine from his favorite story.
blank 56. How does Pygmalion act after this? List his actions in order: _ and _.
He pretends that the woman is real and talks to her and dresses her up
He hires prostitutes and commits other sinful acts
He curses the gods for giving him his talents without anyone to share them with
He prays to Venus to find a women as perfect as his statue
57. Who helps Pygmalion in his desire to have the woman he loves?
Dionysus gave Pygmalion the “golden touch” so that he could pay the dowry to the father of the woman he loved.
Zeus gave Pygmalion the power of shapeshifting so that he could “sculpt himself” into the ideal man for every woman Pygmalion met.
Venus changed the statue into a human woman.
58. Which of the following is NOT part of the ending to the story of Pygmalion and Galatea?
Venus graced their marriage with her presence.
Galatea wound up disliking Pygmalion because of his physical appearance and ran away with Romulus.
Named the maiden Galatea.
Had a son and named him after Venus's favorite city (Rome).
60. In Greek mythology, a beautiful youth who spent much of his life in perpetual sleep. The youth’s parentage varies among the different ancient references and stories, but several traditions say that he was originally the king of Elis. According to one tradition, Zeus offered him anything that he might desire, and the youth chose an everlasting sleep in which he might remain youthful forever. According to another version of the myth, the youth’s eternal sleep was a punishment inflicted by Zeus because he had attempted to have a sexual relationship with Zeus’s wife, Hera. In any case, the youth was loved by Selene, the goddess of the moon, who visited him every night while he lay asleep in a cave on Mount Latmus in Caria; she bore him 50 daughters. A common form of the myth represents the youth as having been put to sleep by Selene herself so that she might enjoy his beauty undisturbed. _.
The Myth of Narcissus
The Myth of Psyche
The Myth of Endymion
The Myth of Hera
61. In this myth, a young maiden was the personification of the laurel, a tree whose leaves, formed into garlands, were particularly associated with Apollo (q.v.). Traditionally, the special position of the laurel was connected with Apollo’s love for this maiden, the beautiful daughter of a river god (probably Ladon) who lived a pastoral existence in either Thessaly, the Peloponnese, or Syria. She rejected every lover, including Apollo. When the god pursued her, the maiden prayed to the Earth or to her father to rescue her, whereupon she was transformed into a laurel. Apollo appropriated the laurel for poets and, in Rome, for triumphs. The maiden was also loved by Leucippus, who was killed because of Apollo’s jealousy. _.
a. The Myth of Daphne
The Myth of Persephone
The Myth of Apollo
The Myth of Persephone
The Myth of Daphne
The Myth of Apollo
62. Two lovers celebrated in Greek legend. The virgin priestess of Aphrodite at Sestos, was seen at a festival by a young man, who was from Abydos; they fell in love, and he swam the Hellespont at night to visit her, guided by a light from her tower. One stormy night, the light was extinguished, and the young man drowned; the priestess, seeing his body, drowned herself likewise. _.
Hero and Leander
Romeo and Juliet
Samson and Delilah
Cupid and Psyche
63. (Chapter 7 The Quest for the Golden Fleece) What is the Golden Fleece?
The fur of the Minotaur.
It was Hercules’ blonde hair.
The lining of the robes worn by King Midas. It turned gold because of his “golden touch.”
The fur of the golden-haired, winged ram, which was held in Colchis.
64. Who is Pelias? Why is he worried about a “One-sandaled” stranger?
The King of Iolcus. He was warned by the Oracle that he would be killed by a "one-sandaled" stranger.
The King of Ithaca. He was concerned about a message delivered to him by a man with one sandal about an odyssey that he would be forced to go on that would prevent his direct return to Ithaca after the Trojan War for which he was about to embark.
The King of Athens. He was told the secret of the labyrinth in which the Minotaur resided
65. Why does Jason seek the Golden Fleece? Who helps him in his quest?
Pelias agrees to give Jason the kingdom back only if he gives him the Golden Fleece, which is in Colchis. Hercules, Orpheus, Castor & brother Pollux, Achilles' father Peleus, Hera, and many others accompanied him. They were called the Argonauts.
Jason seeks the Golden Fleece because it was a kind of armor that could repel attacks from the gods. It was invented by Hephateus himself. Jason recruited Theseus, for his ingenuity; Orpheus and his brother, Linos, because they were gifted in music; Odysseus as the navigator; and Athena for her wisdom.
66. WOTF are not one of the three adventures of Jason and his Argonauts?
They passed through the smashing rocks.
They come across the island of Lemnos, where the population is all female (except the king) because the women took over.
They have to journey without direction, encountering monstrous creatures, like Cyclops, the temptations of Calypso, and proof that they were not imposters in their homeland.
They conquered the Harpies (body of bird, face of woman) that were torturing the old prophet.
67. How does the King of Colchis treat Jason when he arrives? What test does he put Jason through?
He puts Jason in a massive maze called a labyrinth and gives him the task of killing the Minotaur, half-man, half-bull monster that has been plaguing the land. The monster resided in the labyrinth.
He treats him as a valued guest and is very nice to him. He makes Jason plow a field with two firing bulls-impossible task. First, plow field with two fire breathing bulls, fight warriors, fight a sleepless dragon.
He forced Jason to defeat the Chimera, a gigantic lion headed monster that plagued Colchis’s land. To do this, Jason had to steal Pegasus, the prized flying horse of the Cyclops to defeat the Chimera with arrows from long distance. No swordsman could defeat the Chimera.
He forced Jason to play in an athletic competition involving archery. Jason had to shoot the arrow through several halberds with a space. The halberds were set out in a U-shape and it was only Jason who complete the shot successfully.
68. How does Medea figure in these events?
Cupid shoots Jason with a love arrow and distracts him from his fate, which was to fall in love with Medea. Instead, Jason falls in love with Persephone and this drives him to save her from Hades.
Cupid creates Medea from clay as the perfect woman meant to entice Jason away from his mission. She entraps Jason and makes him lose track of all time. It results in the Golden Ram dying of natural causes.
Cupid makes Medea fall in love with Jason so that she would use her magic to help him. She gives him a potion that makes him harmless for a day, and he is able to complete the task without being killed.
69. What happens to Pelias after Jason returns with the Golden Fleece? What does Jason do to Medea at the end?
After assassinating King Pelias, Jason forced Medea to grant control of her lands over to him. That way, he could breed more sheep with the genes of the Golden Ram and make a tremendous profit by breeding sheep with the Golden Fleece. He would then sell the fleece and become a profitable businessman.
Pelias refuses to give Jason the kingdom back, so Medea tricks his daughters into killing him. Jason gets tired of Medea and marries someone else. Medea threatens the new wife and is exiled from the country. She ends up killing the new wife with a drugged robe, and she also kills her sons to save them from lives of slavery.
Since Medea was the perfect woman because she was a creation of Cupid, who was an expert on love, she was able to stay married to Jason until old age took them from this life. She was Jason’s most trusted queen and lieutenant. She was a key general in the civil war against Pelias.
70. Chapter 9 Part Three: The Great Heroes Before the Trojan War (Perseus) How is Perseus’ birth magical?
Perseus’ birth is magical because he is the son of Poseidon.
Perseus' birth is magical because he is the son of Zeus.
Perseus’ birth is magical because he is the son of Hera.
Perseus’ birth is magical because he is the son of Athena.
72. (Chapter 10 Theseus) Before Theseus can go to Athens and claim King Aegis as his father, what great test of strength is he required to perform?
Theseus was required to roll away the stone and get the things (Aegis’s sword and Aegis’s sandals) beneath it.
Theseus needed to save Athen’s from monsters like the Chimera, Hydra, and Kraken.
Theseus proved his trust in Aegeus by using wings made of wax in order to chase down Pandora and stop her from opening the box of fate.
Theseus needed to steal Pegasus from the Cyclops to prove loyalty to his father.
73. Why is Theseus loved by Greeks before he ever meets his father?
Theseus was a famous musician. He was known throughout the region.
Theseus was loved by the Greeks before he ever meets his father because he cleared Athens of evil.
Theseus was a famous gladiator. Gladiators were viewed as professional athletes are viewed today in that they are more popular than politicians.
74. (2 points) What two things does Theseus do to help the Athenians in their conflict with King Minos of Crete? List in Order of Importance: 1) _ 2) _.
Theseus killed the Minotaur.
Theseus killed the Chimera.
Theseus assassinated King Minos.
Theseus led the young Athenians out of the Labyrinth.
75. What kind of ruler is Theseus when he becomes King of Athens?
Theseus becomes drunk with power. He implements corrupt laws that allow his close friends to profit from taxes.
Theseus becomes a womanizer charming the wives of his assemblymen into his bed.
Theseus becomes a wise and disinterested ruler. The kingdom then becomes an equal people's government and he becomes Commander in Chief.
76. How does the story of Hippolytus, Theseus’ son, and Phaedra, his wife, bring about the end of Theseus?
In a jealous rage, Phaedra commits infanticide when she finds out that Hippolytus is the product of an intimate union between Theseus and Athena.
Phaedra fell in love with Hippolytus and killed herself when he refused her love, and lied in his suicide letter that he hurt her. Hippolytus was banished and then was forgiven when Theseus found out the truth. Theseus was then killed by King Lycomedes, his friend and host.
Phaedra was turned into a viscous Gorgon as a result of the fact that she was infatuated with Hippolytus, for he was far more handsome than his father.
77. (Chapter 11 Hercules) What are four examples of Hercules great strength?
As a baby, Hercules strangled two snakes that Hera had sent to kill him. As a man, he strangled the Nemean lion. He also held up the heavens for a short time while Atlas went to get the Apples of Hesperides and overpowered the Cerberus with bare hands.
Hercules killed Chimera with no weapons he was merely twelve-years old. To kill the Hydra, Hercules strangled it by tying its necks together.
Hercules was told to juggle the Alps and Apennine Mountain ranges by his father, Zeus.
78. How could you interpret the following quote: “Intelligence did not figure largely in anything he did and was often conspicuously absent”?
Hercules was not very intelligent, and was more emotional than logical. Case in point, Hercules first victim was Linus, son of Apollo, who drove Hercules into a mindless rage by beating him.
Hercules defeated his enemies with wit, not brute strength. He figured out that the only way to defeat the Hydra, which had heads that grew back after he cut each off, was to tie the necks together.
Hercules solved several puzzles on the behalf of the humans. Stealing the knowledge of how to make fire from the gods using a giant fennel-stalk was one such challenge that Hercules overcame using his intelligence.
79. What happens to Hercules when Hera sends madness to possess him?
Hercules burned down Athens and Sparta and everything and everyone in those cities.
Hercules killed Persius, his grandfather.
Hercules killed his children and Megara.
Hercules killed Theseus, his best friend.
80. Is he considered guilty of his crimes?
Yes. According the Theseus, Hercules could not use the “just following orders” clause because of the nature of the crime he committed: killing his family.
No. According to Athena, Hera was in the wrong because the measure of influence she had over Hercules crossed the line. It was only Athena or Poseidon that was supposed to have influence over Hercules.
No. According to Theseus, he thinks Hercules is not guilty because he had not known what he was doing.
Yes. According to Zeus, razing the city of Olympia, Zeus’s city, was unforgivable.
81. How does Hercules become involved in battling Death?
Hercules feels like he has to make up for being drunk and rude at Admetus' house by attempting to bring back Alcestis.
Hercules was trying to rescue his family from Hades. Defeating Death was the first level of this process.
Hercules, like Prometheus who stole fire for humans, was obsessed with destroying Death for the sake of giving humans the gift of immortality.
82. What happens after Hercules completes the Twelve Labors?
Hercules expended all of his energy. His soul expired.
Hercules was promoted to the rank of prime minister by his friend, Theseus, King of Athens. He was given a large salary, plush accommodations and remarried.
Hercules becomes a demigod. However, he doesn't find peace, so he continues performing heroic deeds.
83. How does Hercules die and why is he allowed onto Mount Olympus?
Hercules spent his soul completing the Twelve Labors. He is allowed on Mt. Olympus because it is the place where the gods recharge their essence before heading to Earth.
Hercules killed himself because he could not die, and he is allowed on Mt. Olympus because of his good deeds.
Hercules was devoured by the Chimera. He is allowed on Mt. Olympus because of the love for his family he still holds in his heart.
84. (Ch. 12 Atalanta) Atalanta's father was disappointed that a daughter was born instead of a son, so he left Atalanta on a wild mountainside, where Atalanta was nursed by a bear and then was raised by hunters. What circumstance is this describing in the Myth of Atalanta?
Her death.
Her lifespan.
Her birth.
85. Which of the following are NOT one of Atalanta’s adventures?
She destroyed the Chimera and stole fire for humanity.
She killed two Centaurs with arrows.
She hit the Calydonian boar with her arrow
She sailed with the Argonauts.
She wrestled Peleus and won.
86. What declaration does Atalanta make about marriage?
Atalanta states that marriage is for foolish, weak people who cannot thrive on their own.
Atalanta declares that marriage is an institution passed down to humans from the gods and thus should be upheld with care.
Atalanta declares that she would marry whoever could beat her in a footrace.
87. How does Melanion (Hippomenes) win Atalanta as his bride?
Melanian, in preparation for his race with Atalanta, chooses a trail that he is familiar with because he knows Atalanta likes challenges and speed is her advantage.
Melanian asks Cupid to wait in a tree and shoot Atalanta with a love arrow as she runs by.
Melanian distracts Atalanta during the race with golden apples.
88. What becomes of Atalanta and her husband?
Atalanta and Melanion redo the Twelve Labors of Hercules to see if they can beat his record since they enjoy races.
Atalanta and Melanion build an army and invade Athens to overthrow Perseus and Andromeda and take the city.
Atalanta and Melanion bore a son, Parthenopaeus, and they then became lions because of some affront offered to Zeus or Aphrodite.
89. (Part Four: Heroes of the Trojan War: Chapter 13 The Trojan War) What does Edith Hamilton think is “one of the world’s greatest poems”? _.
The Odyssey
The Iliad
The Aeneid
Oedipus
90. What causes the Trojan War?
Paris steals Helen, the wife of King Agamemnon of Sparta. It gives Agamemnon the justification to conquer Troy, the kingdom from which Paris hails.
A dispute between three jealous goddesses: Aphrodite, Athena, and Hera. They were proving which was the most beautiful.
Hector kills Achilles, the favorite son of Greece, the most skilled Greek warrior, and its hero.
91. How did Helen of Troy become involved in this myth?
Helen upset all three goddesses, Aphrodite, Athena, and Hera, because she was more beautiful than the three of them combined. Paris was warned by Apollo that the three goddesses would exact some sort of revenge on Helen.
King Menelaus, Helen’s husband, walked in on Hector and Helen making love in the royal bed. Hector was already a married man, but he was not faithful.
Aphrodite offered the fairest woman in the world, Helen of Sparta, to Paris as a bribe.
92. How does Odysseus (Ulysses) feel about the war?
Odysseus jumped at the chance to be able to fight alongside his close friend, Achilles, who was a talented warrior.
Odysseus looked forward to fighting the war because Agamemnon would offer him a part of the bounty if they were successful.
Odysseus did not want to leave his family and fight for a faithless woman.
Odysseus, a bachelor, did not want to leave Ithaca undefended without people that he could trust to ensure the stability of his throne.
93. What happens to Achilles?
Achilles was engaged, but his bride-to-be was sacrificed as an appeasement to Artemis on her way to the altar.
Achilles finds out that he is actually a full-blooded god, not a demigod.
Achilles’ famous armor was stolen and instead of fighting, he has to spend time tracking it down; Greece loses to Troy as a result.
Achilles angers Poseidon on the way to Troy. Poseidon sends a storm to engulf Achilles’ ship, as well as the rest of the Greek fleet on their way to Troy.
94. What sacrifice is Agamemnon required to make?
Agamemnon must concede half of his army in order to feed the Kraken protecting Troy.
Agamemnon must offer three-fourths of his wealth to Apollo, the protector of Troy, in order to persuade the god to support the Spartans.
Agamemnon sacrificed eldest daughter Iphigenia, so Artemis would calm waters of Aulis.
95. This summary is describing WOTF circumstances? Achilles and Agamemnon do not get along because Achilles wants to return Chryseis since father wanted her back. Agamemnon treated her badly. Achilles doesn't fight while Agamemnon does.
The tense relationship between Agamemnon and Achilles.
The passion that Achilles has not just for war, but for women also.
The respect that Achilles has for his enemies and the lack thereof that Agamemnon has.
The compassion that Achilles has for people and the lack of compassion that Agamemnon has.
All of the choices.
96. What happens during a pause in the war?
Achilles sneaks into the Trojan palace and steals back Helen to broker a peace between the two nations.
Odysseus builds a cow from the wood of a ship no longer being used as an offering to Poseidon. He leaves space in its interior to hide Greek warriors to surprise the unsuspecting Trojans.
An expert in potions, Chryseis concocts a potion that paralyzes Agamemnon. Command of the Greeks went to Menelaus and he was incompetent, which led to the Greeks’ loss.
Paris and Menelaus duel. On the brink of death, Aphrodite saves Paris. They bury the dead.
97. What happens to Patroclus?
Patroclus is granted immortality by Ares even though he is not a Spartan. He used this gift to single handedly breach the Walls of Troy.
Patroclus puts on Achilles's armor and pretends to be him as he fights, rallying the men. He is killed by Hector
Patroclus was changed into a giant horse by Poseidon. He carried Odysseus and fifteen other men, including Achilles into Troy in a secret pouch. The Greeks knew that the Trojans revered Poseidon as much as they did so Patroclus would not be seen as anything other than a gift from Poseidon. When the Trojans became drunk and fell asleep, the Greeks ransacked their city.
98. What does Achilles do as a result of what happens to Patroclus?
Achilles kills 100 Trojan warriors and sneaks away from the carnage back to his home, Phthia, with his lover, Briseis, the virgin priestess of Apollo, to live in peace.
Achilles takes advantage of Patroclus’s immortality and returns to Phthia to fulfill his mother’s (Thetis’) wishes by marrying and living in peace.
Achilles stabs Hector in the throat with a spear and then drags his lifeless body on a chariot.
99. What happens to Achilles at the end of the Trojan War?
Paris shoots Achilles in the heel. In this act, the legend of Achilles, the man believed to be immortal was born. It is legend that Achilles’ mother, Thetis, dipped all of his body into the River Styx, with the exception of his feet, where she held him.
Achilles, who disobeyed the gods, loses Briseis, the woman he loves in the melee. Later, he finds out she is killed in the battle. The gods punish him further by sending him on an odyssey, which prevents him from returning to Phthia.
Achilles replaces his friend Odysseus as the King of Ithaca because Odysseus was burned alive inside of the Trojan Horse.
100. (Chapter 14 The Fall of Troy) Who becomes the leader of the Greek efforts after Paris is killed?
Patroclus was resurrected by the gods in order to assume Achilles’ place.
Agamemnon holds a massive funeral service in honor of Achilles’ death. Key Greek generals like Odysseus begin to support him as a result.
Odysseus wins Achilles's armor over Ajax because he is more clever. Odysseus’ idea about the Trojan Horse is an example of this.
101. What famous subterfuge do the Greeks use to overthrow Troy?
Odysseus commissions the building of a horse to make the Trojans think that the Greeks are worshipping Poseidon, patron of the sea and of horses. After Hector is killed, the Trojans think that the horse was an offering to the Sea God. They do not suspect the danger that the horse carries in its belly. Paris, in his brother’s stead, warns the Trojan priests to burn the horse, but they revere the statue too much because they think it is a tribute to Poseidon.
The Greeks hold funeral games to honor the great warrior that Hector was. Instead, the games were a ploy the Greeks used to tire out the best Trojan warriors. Odysseus cleverly held his best troops in reserve and at night, sent them to assassinate the tired out Trojan warriors.
The Greeks split their massive fleet into two-thirds. They sent their weakest troops under the command of Menelaus up the beachhead to distract the main force of the Trojans. Meanwhile, Odysseus and the best Greek troops scaled the cliffside at the back of Troy and ransacked the city from the least defended side.
102. After the fall of Troy, what mistakes do the Greeks make?
The Greeks underestimated the political reach of the Athenians. They do not realize that the Trojans have key allies in Mesopotamia, especially the Persians, who sent a massive fleet to crush the Greeks.
They begin to indulge themselves with the fruits of their victory. After discovering the Trojan wine stores, they begin drinking. Paris, who escaped from the city earlier, returns with a few men he scrounges up from the Trojan countryside and easily assassinated the inebriated Greeks.
They butchered everyone in their path. They take a few select women and children as slaves, including Andromache and Hecuba. They violate Trojan temples and did not offer sacrifices to the gods.
