A former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland

Leader of England during the American Revolution

An order in which Britain prohibited its American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.

10 amendments that guaranteed freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, and assembly

Period of radical social and political change throughout Europe that began with an uprising against the king of France.

French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

Venezuelan-born general called "the Liberator" for his assistance in helping Bolivia, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela win independence from Spain.

writing which had the purpose of outlining Bolivar's philosophical and political ideals for Latin America

South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru

Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876

Nineteenth-century Italian revolutionary; helped unify the Kingdom of Italy.

German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898)

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).

armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from 1899-1902. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence. The Philippines declared war on the US and it became a savage conflict with guerrilla warfare. Villages were destroyed, civilians were murdered, and prisoners were tortured. The war ended when Aguinaldo surrendered in 1902.