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AP Psychology Thinking and Language

Total questions: 46

Worksheet time: 24mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Our mental image that best represents a category is called a...

a)

Insight

b)

Heuristic

c)

Prototype

d)

Algorithm

e)

Retrieval

2.

Which type of creative thinking expands the number of possible problem solutions?

a)

Divergent Thinking

b)

Convergent Thinking

c)

Intrinsic Motivation

d)

Availability Heuristic

e)

Representative Heuristic

3.

Which type of problem solving technique is methodical, logical, and will always lead to a correct answer if there is one?

a)

Heuristic

b)

Insight

c)

Algorithm

d)

Convergent Thinking

e)

Divergent Thinking

4.

Which type of problem solving strategy allows us to make an estimate on the likelihood of events based on how much that event matches a prototype?

a)

Intuition

b)

Insight

c)

Availability Heuristic

d)

Representativeness Heuristic

e)

Algorithm

5.

What is our tendency to think we know or can perform better or more accurately than we really can?

a)

Confirmation Bias

b)

Overconfidence

c)

Intuition

d)

Insight

e)

Algorithm

6.

What is the smallest form of language that can carry meaning?

a)

Phoneme

b)

Morpheme

c)

Grammar

d)

Babbling

e)

Critical Periods Hypothesis

7.

Which theory says that if a child does not learn a language of any kind by the age of 7, they will never be able to master a language?

a)

Insight

b)

Intuition

c)

Phoneme

d)

Morpheme

e)

Critical Periods

8.

Generating multiple possible answers to a problem illustrates

a)

the representativeness heuristic.

b)

the availability heuristic

c)

belief perseverance.

d)

divergent thinking.

e)

a prototype.

9.

A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of

a)

the availability heuristic.

b)

belief perseverance.

c)

an algorithm.

d)

the representativeness heuristic.

e)

fixation.

10.

In trying to solve a potentially complicated problem quickly, we are most likely to rely on

a)

prototypes.

b)

heuristics.

c)

phonemes.

d)

algorithms.

e)

framing.

11.

The tendency to conclude that a person who likes to read poetry is more likely to be a college professor of classics than a truck driver illustrates the use of

a)

the availability heuristic.

b)

confirmation bias.

c)

the framing effect.

d)

belief perseverance.

e)

the representativeness heuristic.

12.

Despite overwhelming and highly publicized evidence that Senator McEwan was guilty of serious political corruption and misconduct, many who had supported her in past elections remained convinced of her political integrity. Their reaction best illustrates

a)

fixation.

b)

the representativeness heuristic.

c)

belief perseverance.

d)

the availability heuristic.

e)

the framing effect.

13.

The rock musician was hit with a rotten egg while performing his latest hit song. The fact that you can recognize two different meanings for the word “hit” in the preceding sentence demonstrates the importance of

a)

syntax.

b)

semantics.

c)

morphemes.

d)

prototypes.

e)

linguistic determinism.

14.

Children begin to demonstrate that they know how to put words in a sensible order during the ________ stage.

a)

babbling

b)

syntactic

c)

two-word

d)

three-word

e)

phonetic

15.
Pablo vainly searches for a screwdriver while failing to recognize that a readily available coin in his pocket would turn the screw. His oversight best illustrates: 
a)
functional fixedness.
b)
the availability heuristic.
c)
belief perseverance.
d)
the representativeness heuristic.
16.
A defense attorney emphasizes to a jury that her client works full-time, supports his family, and enjoys leisure-time hobbies. Although none of this information is relevant to the trial, it is designed to make the defendant appear to be a typical member of the local community. The lawyer is most clearly attempting to take advantage 
a)
confirmation bias.
b)
functional fixedness.
c)
belief perseverance.
d)
the representativeness heuristic.
17.
In English, it is appropriate to refer to “a pretty bird,” but not to “a bird pretty.”  This best illustrates the importance of:
a)
syntax.
b)
semantics.
c)
morphemes.
d)
phonemes.
18.
Which language theorist would have been most likely to emphasize that children master the rule for forming the past tense of regular verbs like "push" before they learn common past tense constructions of irregular verbs like "go"? 
a)
B. F. Skinner
b)
Benjamin Lee Whorf
c)
Noam Chomsky
d)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
19.
Problem solving is one type of cognitive activity in which we all engage.  Which of the following cognitive tendencies is seen to be an obstacle to problem solving?
a)
availability heuristic
b)
insight
c)
prototype confusion
d)
confirmation bias
20.
To find Tabasco sauce in a large grocery store, you could systematically search every shelf in every store aisle. This best illustrates problem solving by means of: 
a)
the availability heuristic.
b)
functional fixedness.
c)
an algorithm.
d)
the representativeness heuristic.
21.
The representativeness heuristic can produce faulty estimates if:
a)
We generalize our views to other, nonrepresentativeness heuristics
b)
 The representativeness  algorithm does not match the representativeness heuristic
c)
 Possible variations in the prototype are considered
d)
 We fail to consider the approximate number of prototypes that actually exist
22.
  Dr. Mendoza is studying the mental strategies people use when solving problems. Dr. Mendoza is clearly a(n): 
a)
Cognitive psychologist
b)
Experimental psychologist
c)
Organizational psychologist
d)
Developmental psychologist
23.
A mental grouping of similar things, events or people is called a(n):
a)
Prototype
b)
Concept
c)
Algorithm
d)
Heuristic
24.
Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to:
a)
Allow preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
b)
Cling to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
c)
Search randomly through alternative solutions when problem solving
d)
Look for information that is consistent with one’s beliefs
25.
Mental sets and functional fixedness are types of:
a)
Algorithms
b)
Heuristics
c)
Fixation
d)
Insight
26.
A strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how easily other instances of the event are available in memory is called the:
a)
Availability heuristic
b)
Availability algorithm
c)
Representativeness heuristic
d)
Representativeness algorithm
27.
The term used to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge is:
a)
Cognition
b)
Learning
c)
Perception
d)
Sensation
28.
When Janice forgot to pack a pillow for her camping trip she used her down-jacket as a substitute pillow. In this situation Janice:
a)
Was not constrained by functional fixedness
b)
Was constrained by a mental set
c)
Was constrained by functional fixedness
d)
Used an algorithm to solve her problem
29.
A dessert recipe that gives you the ingredients, their amounts and the steps to follow is an example of a(n):
a)
Prototype
b)
Algorithm
c)
Heuristic
d)
Mental set
30.
Which of the following is an example of the use of heuristics?
a)
Trying every possible combination of letters when unscrambling a word
b)
Considering each possible move when playing chess
c)
Using the formula “area=length x width” to find the area of a rectangle
d)
Playing chess using a defensive strategy that has often been successful for you
31.
A prototype is a:
a)
Step-by-step procedure for solving problems
b)
Mental grouping of similar objects, events or people
c)
Best example of a particular category
d)
Simple thinking strategy for solving problems efficiently
32.
When the word “oat” is changed to the word “boat,” the number of:
a)
Phonemes increases, but the number of morphemes stays the same 
b)
Phonemes and morphemes are both increased
c)
Phonemes and morphemes both stay the same
d)
Phonemes stays the same, but the number of morphemes increases
33.
A, an and ill are all examples of:
a)
Phonemes
b)
Morphemes
c)
Syntax
d)
Grammar
34.
Airline reservations typically decline after a highly publicized airplane crash because people overestimate the incidence of such disasters. In such instances, people’s decisions are being influenced by:
a)
Belief bias
b)
The availability heuristic
c)
The representativeness heuristic
d)
Functional fixedness
35.
Rudy is 6 feet tall, weighs 210 pounds, and is very muscular. If you think that Rudy is more likely to be a basketball player than a computer programmer , you are a victim of:
a)
Belief bias
b)
The availability heuristic
c)
A mental set
d)
The representativeness heuristic
36.
The rules most directly involved in permitting a person to derive meaning from words and sentences are rules of:
a)
Syntax
b)
Grammar
c)
Phonemic structure
d)
Semantics
37.
The child who says “milk gone” is engaging in ____________. This type of utterance demonstrates that children are actively experimenting with the rules of ____________.
a)
Babbling; syntax
b)
Telegraphic speech; syntax
c)
Babbling; semantics
d)
Telegraphic speech; semantics
38.
Skinner and other behaviorists have argued that language development is the result of:
a)
Imitation
b)
Reinforcement
c)
Association
d)
All of the above
39.
Whorf’s linguistic determination hypothesis states that:
a)
Language is primarily a learned ability
b)
Language is partially an innate ability
c)
The size of a person’s vocabulary reflects his or her intelligence
d)
Our language shapes our thinking
40.
Researchers taught the chimpanzee Washoe and the gorilla Koko to communicate by using:
a)
Various sounds
b)
Plastic symbols of various shapes and colors
c)
Sign language
d)
All of the above
41.
In the words “helped” and “called,” the “ed” ending is a(n)
a)
prototype.
b)
morpheme.
c)
syntax.
d)
algorithm.
42.

After the student council election, a friend tells you he could have guessed who would be elected president. What psychological phenomenon might this illustrate?

a)

Common sense

b)

Critical thinking

c)

Hindsight bias

d)

Overconfidence

e)

Perceiving order in random events

43.
The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to
a)
save time in arriving at solutions to problems.
b)
avoid the issue of functional fixedness.
c)
yield more accurate solutions to problems.
d)
involve greater reliance on language skills.
44.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding intuition?

a)

Intuition is explicit.

b)

Intuition is adaptive.

c)

Intuition has minimal effects on judgment.

d)

Intuitive judgments take a long time.

45.

Which structural component of language is the smallest unit of distinctive sound?

a)

Phoneme

b)

Morpheme

c)

Semantics

d)

Syntax

46.

Which brain area controls the expression of language?

a)

Broca’s area

b)

Wernicke’s area

c)

Temporal lobe

d)

Auditory cortex

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