asthenosphere includes the crust and the solid part of the upper mantle lithosphere is the outer part of the mantle made up of semimolten rock

asthenosphere includes the crust lithosphere is the outer part of the mantle made up of semimolten rock

Asthenosphere is the outer part of the mantle made up of semi-molten rock and the lithosphere includes the crust and the solid part of the upper mantle

Plates (lithosphere) are constantly moving on top of the asthenosphere. Volcanoes and earthquakes occur at plate boundaries.

Plates (lithosphere) are constantly moving on top and bottom of the asthenosphere. Volcanoes and earthquakes occur at plate boundaries.

Plates (lithosphere) barely move on top of the asthenosphere. Volcanoes and earthquakes occur at plate boundaries.

Divergent – plates collide into each other

Convergent – plates move part from each other

Transform – plates rub or scrape each other

Divergent – plates move apart from each other

Convergent – plates collide into each other

Transform – plates rub or scrape each other

Divergent – plates rub or scrape each other

Convergent – plates collide into each other (example – subduction)

Transform – plates move apart from each other (example – earthquakes and faults)

Active ring of volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean

active ring of volcanoes around the north pacific ocean

Boundary where two plates slide against each other

boundary where three plates slide against each other

transform and convergent boundaries

Convergent and divergent boundaries

divergent and transform boundaries

SO and other particles form a haze (cloudiness) that blocks sunlight and causes global temperatures to decrease

SO2 and other particles form a haze (cloudiness) that lets sunlight and causes global temperatures to decrease

SO2 and other particles form a haze (cloudiness) that blocks sunlight and causes global temperatures to decrease

Focus – the point underground at which the earthquake originates

Epicenter – the point on the surface at which the earthquake originates

epicenter – the point underground at which the earthquake originates

focus – the point on the surface at which the earthquake originates

Minerals – naturally occurring inorganic solid elements and compounds with crystalline structure

Rocks – a combination of one or more minerals

Minerals – naturally occurring inorganic solid elements and compounds with crystalline structure

Rocks – a combination of two or more minerals

physical – external process that wears down rock to smaller individual particles

Biological – tree roots and lichens

Chemical – water, acids

weathering – wind, rain

Weathering – external process that wears down rock to smaller individual particles

Biological – tree roots and lichens

Chemical – water, acids

Physical – wind, rain

Weathering is when rocks are broken down into smaller and biggest particles and erosion is when those particles are moved or carried away

Weathering is when soil broken down into smaller particles and erosion is when those particles are moved or carried away

Weathering is when rocks are broken down into smaller particles and erosion is when those particles are moved or carried away

Sedimentary – sediments become compacted after deposition (the accumulation of sediments/particles)

Igneous – rock made from the cooling of magma

Metamorphic – compressed sedimentary rock that undergoes high heat and pressure (lithification)

Sedimentary – sediments become compacted after deposition (the accumulation of sediments/particles)

metamorphic – rock made from the cooling of magma

igneous – compressed sedimentary rock that undergoes high heat and pressure (lithification)

Soil renews very slowly over thousands of years

Soil very fast

Minerals, organic , air and water

Minerals, organic matter, air and water

Porous mixture or partial decayed plants and animals (organic matter)

Porous mixture or plants and animals (organic matter)

O – organic material (plant/leaf litter) not decomposed yet

b – contains humus, stores water and nutrients, topspoil

r – rocks, clay and sand not all the way broken down

C – rocks that are partially weathered

a - bedrock; rocks that are not broken down at all

O – organic material (plant/leaf litter) not decomposed yet

A – contains humus, stores water and nutrients, topspoil

B – rocks, clay and sand not all the way broken down

C – rocks that are partially weathered

R- bedrock; rocks that are not broken down at all

Logging, construction, off road vehicles, overgrazing, farming

Logging, construction, off road vehicles, overgrazing,

1) Remove chunks of rock from the ground

2) Remove ore from rock

3) Remove mineral from the chunks of rock from the ground

1) Remove large chunks of rock from the ground

2) Remove ore from rock

3) Remove mineral from ore

An ore is a chunk of rock that contains a valuable minera

An ore is a chunk of rocks

Place mines – minerals are removed from sand and gravel from rivers

Strip mines – large machines strip away unwanted rock to obtain the minerals

Open pit mine – (quarry) machines are used to make large holes

strip mines – minerals are removed from sand and gravel from rivers

place mines – large machines strip away unwanted rock to obtain the minerals

Open pit mine – (quarry) machines are used to make large holes

Subsurface mining is more dangerous

Subsurface mining has less environmental impact

Subsurface mining is more expensive because of safety and construction costs

Subsurface mining is less dangerous

Subsurface mining has less environmental impact

Subsurface mining is more expensive because of safety and construction costs

Heating ore and rock to separate the desired metal

Heating ore to separate the desired metal

A crushed mixture of rocks of the unwanted part ore

A crushed mixture of the unwanted part ore

Air pollution

Water pollution

Increased soil erosion

Destruction of habitats

Water pollution

Increased soil erosion

Destruction of habitats

Acid mine drainage occurs when acidic water drains out of an abandoned mine. The exposed rock after mining reacts with water and oxygen to form sulfuric acid. The acid dissolves toxic heavy metals that pollute ground and surface water.

Acid mine occurs when acidic water drains out of an abandoned mine. The exposed rock after mining reacts with water and oxygen to form sulfuric acid. The acid dissolves toxic heavy metals that pollute ground and surface water.

The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 requires mining companies to restore the land after mining

The Surface Reclamation Act of 1977 requires mining companies to restore the land after mining

The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 requires mining companies to restore the land after mining

Reclamation means to put land back together again after mining

Clay – high porosity, low permeability, high water holding capacity

Silt – high porosity, medium permeability, medium water holding capacity

Sand – low porosity, high permeability, low water holding capacity

silk – high porosity, low permeability, high water holding capacity

clay – high porosity, medium permeability, medium water holding capacity

Sand – low porosity, high permeability, low water holding capacity