Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses that are distributed broadly among humans, other mammals, and birds and that cause respiratory, enteric, hepatic, and neurologic diseases. Six coronavirus species are known to cause human disease. Four viruses — 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1 — are prevalent and typically cause common cold symptoms in immunocompetent individuals. The two other strains — severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) — are zoonotic in origin and have been linked to

sometimes fatal illness. SARS-CoV was the causal agent of the severe acute

respiratory syndrome outbreaks in 2002 and 2003 in Guangdong Province, China.-MERS-CoV was the pathogen responsible for severe respiratory disease outbreaks in 2012 in the Middle East.

Given the high prevalence and wide distribution of coronaviruses, the large genetic diversity and frequent recombination of their genomes, and increasing human–animal interface activities, novel coronaviruses are likely to emerge periodically in humans owing to frequent cross-species infections and In late December 2019, several local health facilities reported clusters of patients with pneumonia of unknown cause that were epidemiologically linked to a seafood and wet animal wholesale market in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. On December 31, 2019, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) dispatched a rapid response team to accompany Hubei provincial and Wuhan city health authorities and to conduct an epidemiologic and etiologic investigation. We report the results of this investigation, identifying the source of the pneumonia clusters, and describe a novel coronavirus detected in patients with pneumonia whose specimens were tested by the China CDC at an early stage of the outbreak.

The above text is written in order to ………..

Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses that are distributed broadly among humans, other mammals, and birds and that cause respiratory, enteric, hepatic, and neurologic diseases. Six coronavirus species are known to cause human disease. Four viruses — 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1 — are prevalent and typically cause common cold symptoms in immunocompetent individuals. The two other strains — severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) — are zoonotic in origin and have been linked to

sometimes fatal illness. SARS-CoV was the causal agent of the severe acute

respiratory syndrome outbreaks in 2002 and 2003 in Guangdong Province, China.-MERS-CoV was the pathogen responsible for severe respiratory disease outbreaks in 2012 in the Middle East.

Given the high prevalence and wide distribution of coronaviruses, the large genetic diversity and frequent recombination of their genomes, and increasing human–animal interface activities, novel coronaviruses are likely to emerge periodically in humans owing to frequent cross-species infections and In late December 2019, several local health facilities reported clusters of patients with pneumonia of unknown cause that were epidemiologically linked to a seafood and wet animal wholesale market in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. On December 31, 2019, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) dispatched a rapid response team to accompany Hubei provincial and Wuhan city health authorities and to conduct an epidemiologic and etiologic investigation. We report the results of this investigation, identifying the source of the pneumonia clusters, and describe a novel coronavirus detected in patients with pneumonia whose specimens were tested by the China CDC at an early stage of the outbreak.

We can conclude that 2019-CoV …………..

Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses that are distributed broadly among humans, other mammals, and birds and that cause respiratory, enteric, hepatic, and neurologic diseases. Six coronavirus species are known to cause human disease. Four viruses — 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1 — are prevalent and typically cause common cold symptoms in immunocompetent individuals. The two other strains — severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) — are zoonotic in origin and have been linked to

sometimes fatal illness. SARS-CoV was the causal agent of the severe acute

respiratory syndrome outbreaks in 2002 and 2003 in Guangdong Province, China.-MERS-CoV was the pathogen responsible for severe respiratory disease outbreaks in 2012 in the Middle East.

Given the high prevalence and wide distribution of coronaviruses, the large genetic diversity and frequent recombination of their genomes, and increasing human–animal interface activities, novel coronaviruses are likely to emerge periodically in humans owing to frequent cross-species infections and In late December 2019, several local health facilities reported clusters of patients with pneumonia of unknown cause that were epidemiologically linked to a seafood and wet animal wholesale market in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. On December 31, 2019, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) dispatched a rapid response team to accompany Hubei provincial and Wuhan city health authorities and to conduct an epidemiologic and etiologic investigation. We report the results of this investigation, identifying the source of the pneumonia clusters, and describe a novel coronavirus detected in patients with pneumonia whose specimens were tested by the China CDC at an early stage of the outbreak.

The underlined word in the second paragraph means……………

Four viruses — 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1 — are prevalent and typically cause common cold symptoms in immunocompetent individuals.

The underlined word means.........

Before coffee and their seeds become the roasted coffee, they go through several processes. After berries are picked by hand, green coffee is processed by one of two methods. The methods are the dry process and the wet process.

While berried are sorted, the seeds are fermented to remove the slimy layer. When the fermentation is finished, the seed are washed with large quantities of fresh water to remove the fermentation residue. Finally, the seeds are dried.

The best method of drying coffee is suing drying tables. In this method, the pulped ad fermented coffee is spread thinly on raised beds, which allows the air to pass on all sides of the coffee, and then the coffee is mixed by hand. In this method, drying is more uniform and fermentation is less likely.

Next, the coffee is sorted and labeled as green coffee. Another way to let the coffee seeds dry is to let them sit on a concrete patio and rake them over in the sunlight. Some companies use cylinders to pump in heated air to dry the coffee seeds, though this is generally in places where the humidity is very high.

(Adapted from http:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee)

What is the text about?

Before coffee and their seeds become the roasted coffee, they go through several processes. After berries are picked by hand, green coffee is processed by one of two methods. The methods are the dry process and the wet process.

While berried are sorted, the seeds are fermented to remove the slimy layer. When the fermentation is finished, the seed are washed with large quantities of fresh water to remove the fermentation residue. Finally, the seeds are dried.

The best method of drying coffee is suing drying tables. In this method, the pulped ad fermented coffee is spread thinly on raised beds, which allows the air to pass on all sides of the coffee, and then the coffee is mixed by hand. In this method, drying is more uniform and fermentation is less likely.

Next, the coffee is sorted and labeled as green coffee. Another way to let the coffee seeds dry is to let them sit on a concrete patio and rake them over in the sunlight. Some companies use cylinders to pump in heated air to dry the coffee seeds, though this is generally in places where the humidity is very high.

How do some companies usually dry the coffee seeds?

Before coffee and their seeds become the roasted coffee, they go through several processes. After berries are picked by hand, green coffee is processed by one of two methods. The methods are the dry process and the wet process.

While berried are sorted, the seeds are fermented to remove the slimy layer. When the fermentation is finished, the seed are washed with large quantities of fresh water to remove the fermentation residue. Finally, the seeds are dried.

The best method of drying coffee is suing drying tables. In this method, the pulped ad fermented coffee is spread thinly on raised beds, which allows the air to pass on all sides of the coffee, and then the coffee is mixed by hand. In this method, drying is more uniform and fermentation is less likely.

Next, the coffee is sorted and labeled as green coffee. Another way to let the coffee seeds dry is to let them sit on a concrete patio and rake them over in the sunlight. Some companies use cylinders to pump in heated air to dry the coffee seeds, though this is generally in places where the humidity is very high.

The third paragraph mainly tells about………………

“… a concrete patio and rake them over in the sunlight.” (The last paragraph) The underlined word is closest in meaning to …

According to sleep expert Dr. Robert Schachter, many people have difficulty sleeping, but they do not know why. Most people know it is important not to drink coffee or tea before they go to bed – both beverages have caffeine. Caffeine keeps people awake. However, not everybody knows that some medicines, such as cold tablets, also have caffeine in them. Stress can cause insomnia, too. Busy people with stressful jobs may not be able to sleep at night.

Dr. Schachter suggests, “You shouldn’t use your bedroom as a TV room or an exercise room. You should use it for sleeping only. It’s a good idea to have a regular sleeping schedule. Get up and go to bed at the same time every day. It’s also important not to eat before bedtime. Eating may keep you awake.”

And if all this doesn’t work, try counting sleep!

According to the article, these things can keep people awake, EXCEPT …

Most people need seven to eight hours of sleep a night. Some people need less than this, and some people need more.

According to sleep expert Dr. Robert Schachter, many people have difficulty sleeping, but they do not know why. Most people know it is important not to drink coffee or tea before they go to bed – both beverages have caffeine. Caffeine keeps people awake. However, not everybody knows that some medicines, such as cold tablets, also have caffeine in them. Stress can cause insomnia, too. Busy people with stressful jobs may not be able to sleep at night.

Dr. Schachter suggests, “You shouldn’t use your bedroom as a TV room or an exercise room. You should use it for sleeping only. It’s a good idea to have a regular sleeping schedule. Get up and go to bed at the same time every day. It’s also important not to eat before bedtime. Eating may keep you awake.”

And if all this doesn’t work, try counting sleep

- Everyone needs eight hours of sleep a night.

- Caffeine helps you fall asleep.

- Cold tablets can keep you awake.

- Busy people may have trouble falling asleep.

- It is a good idea to have a TV near your bed.

How many sentences above are true?

The word expert in paragraph 2 can be best replaced by …

“Busy people with stressful jobs may not be able to sleep at night.” The antonym of the underlined words are …

.......14.........they are inexpensive supplier of vitamins, minerals, and high quality protein, eggs also contain a high level of cholesterol, one of the major causes of health disease. One egg yolk, in fact, contains a little more than two-thirds of the suggested daily cholesterol limit. This knowledge has caused egg sales to drop abruptly in recent years, which in turn has brought about the development of several alternatives to eating regular eggs.

One alternative is to eat substitute (=pengganti) eggs . These egg substitutes are not really eggs, but they look somewhat like eggs when they are cooked. They have the advantage of having lower cholesterol rates, and they can be scrambled or used in baking. One disadvantage, however, is that they are not good for frying, poaching, or boiling.

A second alternative to regular eggs is a new type of eggs, sometimes called ‘designer’ eggs. These eggs are produced by hens that are fed low-fat diets, consisting of ingredients such as canola oil, flax, and rice bran. In spite if their diets, however, these hens produce eggs that contain the same amount of cholesterol as regular eggs. But, the producers of these eggs claim that eating their eggs will not raise the blood cholesterol in human.

Egg producers claim that their product has been portrayed unfairly. They cite scientific studies to back up their claim. And, in fact, studies on the relationship between eggs and human cholesterol levels have brought mixed results. It may be that it is not the type of eggs that is the main determinant of cholesterol but the person who is eating the eggs. Some people may be more sensitive to cholesterol derived from food than other people. In fact, there is evidence that certain dietary fats stimulate the body’s production of blood cholesterol. Consequently, while it still makes sense to limit one’s intake of eggs, even “designer’ eggs. It seems that doing this without regulating dietary fat will probably not help reduce blood cholesterol level.

The conjunction needed here is.........

...14....... they are inexpensive supplier of vitamins, minerals, and high quality protein, eggs also contain a high level of cholesterol, one of the mayor causes of health disease. One egg yolk, in fact, contains a little more than two-thirds of the suggested daily cholesterol limit. This knowledge has caused egg sales to drop abruptly in recent years, which in turn has brought about the development of several alternatives to eating regular eggs.

One alternative is to eat substitute (=pengganti) eggs . These egg substitutes are not really eggs, but they look somewhat like eggs when they are cooked. They have the advantage of having lower cholesterol rates, and they can be scrambled or used in baking. One disadvantage, however, is that they are not good for frying, poaching, or boiling.

A second alternative to regular eggs is a new type of eggs, sometimes called ‘designer’ eggs. These eggs are produced by hens that are fed low-fat diets, consisting of ingredients such as canola oil, flax, and rice bran. In spite if their diets, however, these hens produce eggs that contain the same amount of cholesterol as regular eggs. But, the producers of these eggs claim that eating their eggs will not raise the blood cholesterol in human.

Egg producers claim that their product has been portrayed unfairly. They cite scientific studies to back up their claim. And, in fact, studies on the relationship between eggs and human cholesterol levels have brought mixed results. It may be that it is not the type of eggs that is the main determinant of cholesterol but the person who is eating the eggs. Some people may be more sensitive to cholesterol derived from food than other people. In fact, there is evidence that certain dietary fats stimulate the body’s production of blood cholesterol. Consequently, while it still makes sense to limit one’s intake of eggs, even “designer’ eggs. It seems that doing this without regulating dietary fat will probably not help reduce blood cholesterol level.

Eggs provide a lot of substances which are good for people’s health; however. They ……………

....14..... they are inexpensive supplier of vitamins, minerals, and high quality protein, eggs also contain a high level of cholesterol, one of the mayor causes of health disease. One egg yolk, in fact, contains a little more than two-thirds of the suggested daily cholesterol limit. This knowledge has caused egg sales to drop abruptly in recent years, which in turn has brought about the development of several alternatives to eating regular eggs.

One alternative is to eat substitute (=pengganti) eggs . These egg substitutes are not really eggs, but they look somewhat like eggs when they are cooked. They have the advantage of having lower cholesterol rates, and they can be scrambled or used in baking. One disadvantage, however, is that they are not good for frying, poaching, or boiling.

A second alternative to regular eggs is a new type of eggs, sometimes called ‘designer’ eggs. These eggs are produced by hens that are fed low-fat diets, consisting of ingredients such as canola oil, flax, and rice bran. In spite if their diets, however, these hens produce eggs that contain the same amount of cholesterol as regular eggs. But, the producers of these eggs claim that eating their eggs will not raise the blood cholesterol in human.

Egg producers claim that their product has been portrayed unfairly. They cite scientific studies to back up their claim. And, in fact, studies on the relationship between eggs and human cholesterol levels have brought mixed results. It may be that it is not the type of eggs that is the main determinant of cholesterol but the person who is eating the eggs. Some people may be more sensitive to cholesterol derived from food than other people. In fact, there is evidence that certain dietary fats stimulate the body’s production of blood cholesterol. Consequently, while it still makes sense to limit one’s intake of eggs, even “designer’ eggs. It seems that doing this without regulating dietary fat will probably not help reduce blood cholesterol level.

The text concludes that in terms of eating eggs, human cholesterol level are determined by ………

.....14......they are inexpensive supplier of vitamins, minerals, and high quality protein, eggs also contain a high level of cholesterol, one of the mayor causes of health disease. One egg yolk, in fact, contains a little more than two-thirds of the suggested daily cholesterol limit. This knowledge has caused egg sales to drop abruptly in recent years, which in turn has brought about the development of several alternatives to eating regular eggs.

One alternative is to eat substitute (=pengganti) eggs . These egg substitutes are not really eggs, but they look somewhat like eggs when they are cooked. They have the advantage of having lower cholesterol rates, and they can be scrambled or used in baking. One disadvantage, however, is that they are not good for frying, poaching, or boiling.

A second alternative to regular eggs is a new type of eggs, sometimes called ‘designer’ eggs. These eggs are produced by hens that are fed low-fat diets, consisting of ingredients such as canola oil, flax, and rice bran. In spite if their diets, however, these hens produce eggs that contain the same amount of cholesterol as regular eggs. But, the producers of these eggs claim that eating their eggs will not raise the blood cholesterol in human.

Egg producers claim that their product has been portrayed unfairly. They cite scientific studies to back up their claim. And, in fact, studies on the relationship between eggs and human cholesterol levels have brought mixed results. It may be that it is not the type of eggs that is the main determinant of cholesterol but the person who is eating the eggs. Some people may be more sensitive to cholesterol derived from food than other people. In fact, there is evidence that certain dietary fats stimulate the body’s production of blood cholesterol. Consequently, while it still makes sense to limit one’s intake of eggs, even “designer’ eggs. It seems that doing this without regulating dietary fat will probably not help reduce blood cholesterol level.

Designer’ eggs differ from regular eggs because of …………

....14......they are inexpensive supplier of vitamins, minerals, and high quality protein, eggs also contain a high level of cholesterol, one of the mayor causes of health disease. One egg yolk, in fact, contains a little more than two-thirds of the suggested daily cholesterol limit. This knowledge has caused egg sales to drop abruptly in recent years, which in turn has brought about the development of several alternatives to eating regular eggs.

One alternative is to eat substitute (=pengganti) eggs . These egg substitutes are not really eggs, but they look somewhat like eggs when they are cooked. They have the advantage of having lower cholesterol rates, and they can be scrambled or used in baking. One disadvantage, however, is that they are not good for frying, poaching, or boiling.

A second alternative to regular eggs is a new type of eggs, sometimes called ‘designer’ eggs. These eggs are produced by hens that are fed low-fat diets, consisting of ingredients such as canola oil, flax, and rice bran. In spite if their diets, however, these hens produce eggs that contain the same amount of cholesterol as regular eggs. But, the producers of these eggs claim that eating their eggs will not raise the blood cholesterol in human.

Egg producers claim that their product has been portrayed unfairly. They cite scientific studies to back up their claim. And, in fact, studies on the relationship between eggs and human cholesterol levels have brought mixed results. It may be that it is not the type of eggs that is the main determinant of cholesterol but the person who is eating the eggs. Some people may be more sensitive to cholesterol derived from food than other people. In fact, there is evidence that certain dietary fats stimulate the body’s production of blood cholesterol. Consequently, while it still makes sense to limit one’s intake of eggs, even “designer’ eggs. It seems that doing this without regulating dietary fat will probably not help reduce blood cholesterol level.

Why have the sales of regular eggs declined ?

...14..... they are inexpensive supplier of vitamins, minerals, and high quality protein, eggs also contain a high level of cholesterol, one of the mayor causes of health disease. One egg yolk, in fact, contains a little more than two-thirds of the suggested daily cholesterol limit. This knowledge has caused egg sales to drop abruptly in recent years, which in turn has brought about the development of several alternatives to eating regular eggs.

One alternative is to eat substitute (=pengganti) eggs . These egg substitutes are not really eggs, but they look somewhat like eggs when they are cooked. They have the advantage of having lower cholesterol rates, and they can be scrambled or used in baking. One disadvantage, however, is that they are not good for frying, poaching, or boiling.

A second alternative to regular eggs is a new type of eggs, sometimes called ‘designer’ eggs. These eggs are produced by hens that are fed low-fat diets, consisting of ingredients such as canola oil, flax, and rice bran. In spite if their diets, however, these hens produce eggs that contain the same amount of cholesterol as regular eggs. But, the producers of these eggs claim that eating their eggs will not raise the blood cholesterol in human.

Egg producers claim that their product has been portrayed unfairly. They cite scientific studies to back up their claim. And, in fact, studies on the relationship between eggs and human cholesterol levels have brought mixed results. It may be that it is not the type of eggs that is the main determinant of cholesterol but the person who is eating the eggs. Some people may be more sensitive to cholesterol derived from food than other people. In fact, there is evidence that certain dietary fats stimulate the body’s production of blood cholesterol. Consequently, while it still makes sense to limit one’s intake of eggs, even “designer’ eggs. It seems that doing this without regulating dietary fat will probably not help reduce blood cholesterol level.

What is the main purpose of the text ?

Children love cartoons, and they can sit for hours watching them. For this reason, Sunday morning television offers one cartoon program after another.

However, given the age of the viewing audience, these programs communicate a disturbing message: they suggest that the world is one big battlefield with war face which is the primary activity of humans and aliens alike. In cartoon after cartoon, animated characters shoot, boom, and blow one another up. The message is that war face is fun, without any serious or damaging effects. Moreover, that message is further reinforced by the commercials interruptions which are designed to sell everything from play tanks to toy grenades.

Therefore, it is clear that, as parents, we should be careful and selective in giving entertainment at home. If we don’t, we will find out our children fight each other imitating animated characters on cartoon films without thinking that their action hurt others. They only think that they do that just for fun.

The main concern of the text is about ___.

Children love cartoons, and they can sit for hours watching them. For this reason, Sunday morning television offers one cartoon program after another.

However, given the age of the viewing audience, these programs communicate a disturbing message: they suggest that the world is one big battlefield with war face which is the primary activity of humans and aliens alike. In cartoon after cartoon, animated characters shoot, boom, and blow one another up. The message is that war face is fun, without any serious or damaging effects. Moreover, that message is further reinforced by the commercials interruptions which are designed to sell everything from play tanks to toy grenades.

Therefore, it is clear that, as parents, we should be careful and selective in giving entertainment at home. If we don’t, we will find out our children fight each other imitating animated characters on cartoon films without thinking that their action hurt others. They only think that they do that just for fun.

The underlined word in they (paragraph 2) refers to ..................

Children love cartoons, and they can sit for hours watching them. For this reason, Sunday morning television offers one cartoon program after another.

However, given the age of the viewing audience, these programs communicate a disturbing message: they suggest that the world is one big battlefield with war face which is the primary activity of humans and aliens alike. In cartoon after cartoon, animated characters shoot, boom, and blow one another up. The message is that war face is fun, without any serious or damaging effects. Moreover, that message is further reinforced by the commercials interruptions which are designed to sell everything from play tanks to toy grenades.

Therefore, it is clear that, as parents, we should be careful and selective in giving entertainment at home. If we don’t, we will find out our children fight each other imitating animated characters on cartoon films without thinking that their action hurt others. They only think that they do that just for fun.

What do the children usually think about imitating animated character on cartoon films when they are fighting with the other children?

1. ... that message is further reinforced by the commercials interruptions .... (paragraph 2).

The synonym of the underlined word is ___.

TEXT 10

Birds belong to a class of warm blooded vertebrate animals with feather covered bodies. Next to the animals, birds are the most important group of land-living vertebrates. All birds have feathers, although in some types, particularly those that cannot fly, the normal structure of the feathers may be much modified and be downy, woolly, or straw like. The forelimbs of birds are modified into wings. The bony part of the tail, except in the very earliest fossil birds is very short, and the visible tail is composed of feathers only. The teeth are absent except in some fossil forms. As in mammals the only other group of warm-blooded animal , the circulation is highly perfected so that there is no mixing of arterial and venous blood, but the arrangement of veins and arteries by which this is accomplished different in the two groups. Birds have keen hearing, although they have no external ears. The sense of sight also is very keen, but the sense of smell is weak or lacking, except few vultures and others birds.

The passage is about the ___ of birds.

Birds belong to a class of warm blooded vertebrate animals with feather covered bodies. Next to the animals, birds are the most important group of land-living vertebrates. All birds have feathers, although in some types, particularly those that cannot fly, the normal structure of the feathers may be much modified and be downy, woolly, or straw like. The forelimbs of birds are modified into wings. The bony part of the tail, except in the very earliest fossil birds is very short, and the visible tail is composed of feathers only. The teeth are absent except in some fossil forms. As in mammals the only other group of warm-blooded animal , the circulation is highly perfected so that there is no mixing of arterial and venous blood, but the arrangement of veins and arteries by which this is accomplished different in the two groups. Birds have keen hearing, although they have no external ears. The sense of sight also is very keen, but the sense of smell is weak or lacking, except few vultures and others birds.

From the text we can conclude that both birds and mammals have ___.