In 1854, Louis Pasteur was appointed professor of chemistry at the University of Lille. He demonstrated that organism such as bacteria were responsible for souring wine, beer even milk. Then, he invented a process where bacteria could be removed by boiling and then cooling the liquid. Today, the process is known as pasteurization. He completed the first test on April 20, 1862.

In 1865, Pasteur helped save the silk industry. He proved that microbes were attacking healthy silkworm eggs, causing the diseases, and the disease could be cured could eliminate the microbes.

Pasteur first vaccine discovery was in 1879, with a disease called chicken pox. After accidently exposing chicken to the attenuated form, he demonstrated that they became resistant to the actual virus. Pasteur went on to extend his germ theory to develop prototype of vaccine for diseases such as anthrax, cholera, TB, and smallpox.

From the above, we can conclude that …

In 1854, Louis Pasteur was appointed professor of chemistry at the University of Lille. He demonstrated that organism such as bacteria were responsible for souring wine, beer even milk. Then, he invented a process where bacteria could be removed by boiling and then cooling the liquid. Today, the process is known as pasteurization. He completed the first test on April 20, 1862.

In 1865, Pasteur helped save the silk industry. He proved that microbes were attacking healthy silkworm eggs, causing the diseases, and the disease could be cured could eliminate the microbes.

Pasteur first vaccine discovery was in 1879, with a disease called chicken pox. After accidently exposing chicken to the attenuated form, he demonstrated that they became resistant to the actual virus. Pasteur went on to extend his germ theory to develop prototype of vaccine for diseases such as anthrax, cholera, TB, and smallpox.

What is the main idea of the last paragraph?

In 1854, Louis Pasteur was appointed professor of chemistry at the University of Lille. He demonstrated that organism such as bacteria were responsible for souring wine, beer even milk. Then, he invented a process where bacteria could be removed by boiling and then cooling the liquid. Today, the process is known as pasteurization. He completed the first test on April 20, 1862.

In 1865, Pasteur helped save the silk industry. He proved that microbes were attacking healthy silkworm eggs, causing the diseases, and the disease could be cured could eliminate the microbes.

Pasteur first vaccine discovery was in 1879, with a disease called chicken pox. After accidently exposing chicken to the attenuated form, he demonstrated that they became resistant to the actual virus. Pasteur went on to extend his germ theory to develop prototype of vaccine for diseases such as anthrax, cholera, TB, and smallpox.

“Then, he invented a process …” (Paragraph 1). What does the word ‘invented’ mean?

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) — Astronomer and Scientist. Galileo developed a superior telescope and made many significant discoveries in astronomy. He was sentenced to life imprisonment by the inquisition for his support for the Copernican theory that the sun was at the center of the solar system.

Galileo was born in Florence, Italy in 1564 to a poor but noble family His parents recognized their child’s innate intelligence and talents and so made sacrifices to have him educated. At his father’s insistence, Galileo studied the profitable career of medicine. But, at the University of Pisa, Galileo became fascinated in a wide range of subjects. He was also critical of many of Aristotle’s teaching which had dominated education for the past 2,000 years.

Galileo was appointed to be a mathematics professor at the University of Pisa, but his strident criticisms of Aristotle left him isolated among his contemporaries. After three years of persecution, he resigned and went to the University of Padua, where he taught math. His entertaining lectures attracted a large following and he was able to spend the next 18 years pursuing his interests in astronomy and mechanics.

Something that we can learn from Galileo Galilei’s biography is …

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) — Astronomer and Scientist. Galileo developed a superior telescope and made many significant discoveries in astronomy. He was sentenced to life imprisonment by the inquisition for his support for the Copernican theory that the sun was at the center of the solar system.

Galileo was born in Florence, Italy in 1564 to a poor but noble family His parents recognized their child’s innate intelligence and talents and so made sacrifices to have him educated. At his father’s insistence, Galileo studied the profitable career of medicine. But, at the University of Pisa, Galileo became fascinated in a wide range of subjects. He was also critical of many of Aristotle’s teaching which had dominated education for the past 2,000 years.

Galileo was appointed to be a mathematics professor at the University of Pisa, but his strident criticisms of Aristotle left him isolated among his contemporaries. After three years of persecution, he resigned and went to the University of Padua, where he taught math. His entertaining lectures attracted a large following and he was able to spend the next 18 years pursuing his interests in astronomy and mechanics.

According to the biography, why did Galileo Galilei resign from his teaching job at the University of Pisa?

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) — Astronomer and Scientist. Galileo developed a superior telescope and made many significant discoveries in astronomy. He was sentenced to life imprisonment by the inquisition for his support for the Copernican theory that the sun was at the center of the solar system.

Galileo was born in Florence, Italy in 1564 to a poor but noble family His parents recognized their child’s innate intelligence and talents and so made sacrifices to have him educated. At his father’s insistence, Galileo studied the profitable career of medicine. But, at the University of Pisa, Galileo became fascinated in a wide range of subjects. He was also critical of many of Aristotle’s teaching which had dominated education for the past 2,000 years.

Galileo was appointed to be a mathematics professor at the University of Pisa, but his strident criticisms of Aristotle left him isolated among his contemporaries. After three years of persecution, he resigned and went to the University of Padua, where he taught math. His entertaining lectures attracted a large following and he was able to spend the next 18 years pursuing his interests in astronomy and mechanics.

“His parents recognized their child’s innate intelligence and talents and so made sacrifices to have him educated.” (Paragraph 2). The underlined word “innate” is closest in meaning to …

Victoria Caroline Beckham is an English singer-songwriter, dancer, model, actress, fashion designer and business woman. She was born on April 17, 1974, in Essex, England. She became famous in the 1990's with the pop group "The Spice Girl"and was known as Posh Spice. In 1999, she married the Manchester United and England footballer, David Beckham. They have four children, three sons and a daughter.

After The Spice Girl split up, she pursued a solo singer career, but also started her own fashion range called dVb Style. Since this initial foray into fashion Victoria Beckham has brought out her own range of sunglasses and fragrance, entitled "Intimately Beckham"and a range of handbags and jewelry.

In addition she had written two best-selling books: one her autobiography and the other, a fashion guide.

What did Victoria do before being a solo singer?

Victoria Caroline Beckham is an English singer-songwriter, dancer, model, actress, fashion designer and business woman. She was born on April 17, 1974, in Essex, England. She became famous in the 1990's with the pop group "The Spice Girl"and was known as Posh Spice. In 1999, she married the Manchester United and England footballer, David Beckham. They have four children, three sons and a daughter.

After The Spice Girl split up, she pursued a solo singer career, but also started her own fashion range called dVb Style. Since this initial foray into fashion Victoria Beckham has brought out her own range of sunglasses and fragrance, entitled "Intimately Beckham"and a range of handbags and jewelry.

In addition she had written two best-selling books: one her autobiography and the other, a fashion guide.

We found in the text that ....

Victoria Caroline Beckham is an English singer-songwriter, dancer, model, actress, fashion designer and business woman. She was born on April 17, 1974, in Essex, England. She became famous in the 1990's with the pop group "The Spice Girl"and was known as Posh Spice. In 1999, she married the Manchester United and England footballer, David Beckham. They have four children, three sons and a daughter.

After The Spice Girl split up, she pursued a solo singer career, but also started her own fashion range called dVb Style. Since this initial foray into fashion Victoria Beckham has brought out her own range of sunglasses and fragrance, entitled "Intimately Beckham"and a range of handbags and jewelry.

In addition she had written two best-selling books: one her autobiography and the other, a fashion guide.

Based on the text, what do we know about Victoria?

Cristiano Ronaldo was born on February 5, 1985, in Funchal, Madeira, Portugal. Manchester United paid £12 million to sign him in 2003 - a record fee for a player of his age. In the 2004 FA Cup Final, he scored Manchester's first three goals and helped them capture the championship. In 2008, he set a franchise record for goals scored. In 2009, Real Madrid paid a record $131 million for his service.

By his early teens, Ronaldo's talent and legend had grown considerably. After a stint with Nacional da liha da Madeira, he signed with Sporting Portugal in 2001. That same year, at the tender age of 16, Ronaldo turned heads with a impressing performance against Manchester United, wowing even his opponents with his footwork and deft skill.

He also joined the football club at Manchester United, his career steadily progressed. In the 2006/07 season, Ronaldo was a key figure in Manchester’s successful league campaign. Ronaldo scored over 20 goals, as he won his first championship. In March 2007, his prowess helped him to gain a record-breaking £120,000 a week five-year contract. He also won PFA player of the year award.

The 2007-08 season was even better, with Cristiano Ronaldo being named the player of the tournament, as Manchester United won the coveted Champions League trophy. The most prestigious club competition in the world. Sir Alex Ferguson said of Ronaldo:“We’ve had some great players at this club in my 20 years, but

He made such an impression that a number of United players asked their manager to try and sign the young player. It wasn't long before the club paid Ronaldo's team more than £12 million for his services - a record fee for a player of his age.

What does the text mostly discuss?

Cristiano Ronaldo was born on February 5, 1985, in Funchal, Madeira, Portugal. Manchester United paid £12 million to sign him in 2003 - a record fee for a player of his age. In the 2004 FA Cup Final, he scored Manchester's first three goals and helped them capture the championship. In 2008, he set a franchise record for goals scored. In 2009, Real Madrid paid a record $131 million for his service.

By his early teens, Ronaldo's talent and legend had grown considerably. After a stint with Nacional da liha da Madeira, he signed with Sporting Portugal in 2001. That same year, at the tender age of 16, Ronaldo turned heads with a impressing performance against Manchester United, wowing even his opponents with his footwork and deft skill.

He also joined the football club at Manchester United, his career steadily progressed. In the 2006/07 season, Ronaldo was a key figure in Manchester’s successful league campaign. Ronaldo scored over 20 goals, as he won his first championship. In March 2007, his prowess helped him to gain a record-breaking £120,000 a week five-year contract. He also won PFA player of the year award.

The 2007-08 season was even better, with Cristiano Ronaldo being named the player of the tournament, as Manchester United won the coveted Champions League trophy. The most prestigious club competition in the world. Sir Alex Ferguson said of Ronaldo:“We’ve had some great players at this club in my 20 years, but

He made such an impression that a number of United players asked their manager to try and sign the young player. It wasn't long before the club paid Ronaldo's team more than £12 million for his services - a record fee for a player of his age.

What was Ronaldo action for MU in year 2004?

Cristiano Ronaldo was born on February 5, 1985, in Funchal, Madeira, Portugal. Manchester United paid £12 million to sign him in 2003 - a record fee for a player of his age. In the 2004 FA Cup Final, he scored Manchester's first three goals and helped them capture the championship. In 2008, he set a franchise record for goals scored. In 2009, Real Madrid paid a record $131 million for his service.

By his early teens, Ronaldo's talent and legend had grown considerably. After a stint with Nacional da liha da Madeira, he signed with Sporting Portugal in 2001. That same year, at the tender age of 16, Ronaldo turned heads with a impressing performance against Manchester United, wowing even his opponents with his footwork and deft skill.

He also joined the football club at Manchester United, his career steadily progressed. In the 2006/07 season, Ronaldo was a key figure in Manchester’s successful league campaign. Ronaldo scored over 20 goals, as he won his first championship. In March 2007, his prowess helped him to gain a record-breaking £120,000 a week five-year contract. He also won PFA player of the year award.

The 2007-08 season was even better, with Cristiano Ronaldo being named the player of the tournament, as Manchester United won the coveted Champions League trophy. The most prestigious club competition in the world. Sir Alex Ferguson said of Ronaldo:“We’ve had some great players at this club in my 20 years, but

He made such an impression that a number of United players asked their manager to try and sign the young player. It wasn't long before the club paid Ronaldo's team more than £12 million for his services - a record fee for a player of his age.

1. “After a stint with Nacional da liha da Madeira, he signed with Sporting Portugal in 2001.” (Paragraph 3). The underlined word can be replaced by...

Cut Nyak Dhien

Cut Nyak Dhien was born in Aceh Besar 1848. Her father, Teuku Nanta Setia, and her mother was also from an aristrocrat family .She was as educated in religion and household matters. Many men proposed to her until her parents arranged for her marriage to Teuku Cek Ibrahim Lamnga when she was twelve.

In November 1873 , during the Second Aceh Expedition , The Dutch successfully captured VI Mukim in 1873, followed by the Sulthan Palace in1874. In 1875, Cut Nyak Dhien and her baby, along with other mothers, were evacuated to a safer location while her husband Ibrahim Lamnga died in action in Gle Tarum on June 29,1878.

Some times after thedeath of her husband, an Acehnese hero Teuku Umar proposed to her. Although she rejected him at first, she accepted his proposal as long as Umar allowed her to fight, and they were married in 1880. Teuku Umar and Cut Nyak Dhien had a daughter named ut Gambang. Dhien was very determined to stay in the war so she took her daughter with her.

The war continued ,and the Acehnesedeclared a holy war against the Dutch. Teuku Umar was killed during the battle. When Cut Gambang cried over his death, Cut Nyak Dhien hugged her and said.:” As Acehnese women, we may not shed tears for those who have been martyred.”

After her husband died, Cut Nyak Dhien continued to resist the Dutch until its destruction in 1901. Furthermore,Cut Nyak Dhien suffered from nearsightedness and arthritis as she got older.The number of her troops kept decreasing and they suffered from a lack of supplies.

One of her men, Pang Laot, told the Dutch the location of her headquarters in Beutong Le Sageu. The dutch assaulted, catching Dhien and her troops by suprprise. Dhie was captured, but her daughter Cut Gambang escaped and continued the resistance.

The text is written with the aim to … of Cut Nyak Dhien

Cut Nyak Dhien

Cut Nyak Dhien was born in Aceh Besar 1848. Her father, Teuku Nanta Setia, and her mother was also from an aristrocrat family .She was as educated in religion and household matters. Many men proposed to her until her parents arranged for her marriage to Teuku Cek Ibrahim Lamnga when she was twelve.

In November 1873 , during the Second Aceh Expedition , The Dutch successfully captured VI Mukim in 1873, followed by the Sulthan Palace in1874. In 1875, Cut Nyak Dhien and her baby, along with other mothers, were evacuated to a safer location while her husband Ibrahim Lamnga died in action in Gle Tarum on June 29,1878.

Some times after thedeath of her husband, an Acehnese hero Teuku Umar proposed to her. Although she rejected him at first, she accepted his proposal as long as Umar allowed her to fight, and they were married in 1880. Teuku Umar and Cut Nyak Dhien had a daughter named ut Gambang. Dhien was very determined to stay in the war so she took her daughter with her.

The war continued ,and the Acehnesedeclared a holy war against the Dutch. Teuku Umar was killed during the battle. When Cut Gambang cried over his death, Cut Nyak Dhien hugged her and said.:” As Acehnese women, we may not shed tears for those who have been martyred.”

After her husband died, Cut Nyak Dhien continued to resist the Dutch until its destruction in 1901. Furthermore,Cut Nyak Dhien suffered from nearsightedness and arthritis as she got older.The number of her troops kept decreasing and they suffered from a lack of supplies.

One of her men, Pang Laot, told the Dutch the location of her headquarters in Beutong Le Sageu. The dutch assaulted, catching Dhien and her troops by suprprise. Dhie was captured, but her daughter Cut Gambang escaped and continued the resistance.

What did Cut Nyak Dhien do when her daughter cried for his father’s death?

Cut Nyak Dhien

Cut Nyak Dhien was born in Aceh Besar 1848. Her father, Teuku Nanta Setia, and her mother was also from an aristrocrat family .She was as educated in religion and household matters. Many men proposed to her until her parents arranged for her marriage to Teuku Cek Ibrahim Lamnga when she was twelve.

In November 1873 , during the Second Aceh Expedition , The Dutch successfully captured VI Mukim in 1873, followed by the Sulthan Palace in1874. In 1875, Cut Nyak Dhien and her baby, along with other mothers, were evacuated to a safer location while her husband Ibrahim Lamnga died in action in Gle Tarum on June 29,1878.

Some times after thedeath of her husband, an Acehnese hero Teuku Umar proposed to her. Although she rejected him at first, she accepted his proposal as long as Umar allowed her to fight, and they were married in 1880. Teuku Umar and Cut Nyak Dhien had a daughter named ut Gambang. Dhien was very determined to stay in the war so she took her daughter with her.

The war continued ,and the Acehnesedeclared a holy war against the Dutch. Teuku Umar was killed during the battle. When Cut Gambang cried over his death, Cut Nyak Dhien hugged her and said.:” As Acehnese women, we may not shed tears for those who have been martyred.”

After her husband died, Cut Nyak Dhien continued to resist the Dutch until its destruction in 1901. Furthermore,Cut Nyak Dhien suffered from nearsightedness and arthritis as she got older.The number of her troops kept decreasing and they suffered from a lack of supplies.

One of her men, Pang Laot, told the Dutch the location of her headquarters in Beutong Le Sageu. The dutch assaulted, catching Dhien and her troops by suprprise. Dhie was captured, but her daughter Cut Gambang escaped and continued the resistance.

“Cut Nyak Dhien was a strong woman …….. never gave up to fight her disease”

General Sudirman was a high ranking Indonesian military officer during the Indonesian national revolution. He was the first commander-in-chief of the Indonesian Armed Forces, he continues to be widely respected in the country.

On 12 November 1945, at an election to decide the military’s commander-in-chief in YogyakartA. The 24 years old Sudirman was chosen over Oerip Soemohardjo in a close vote. While waiting to be confirmed, Sudirman ordered an assault on British and Dutch forces in Ambarawa. The ensuing battle and British withdrawal strengthened Sudirman’s popular support, and he was ultimately confirmed on 18 December.

General Sudirman commanded military activities throughout Java, including a show of force in Yogyakarta on 1 March 1949. When the Dutch began withdrawing, in July 1949 Sudirman was recalled to Yogyakarta and forbidden to fight further.

In late 1949 Sudirman’s tuberculosis returned, and he retired to Magelang, where he died slightly more than a month after the Dutch recognised Indonesia’s independence. He is buried at Semaki Heroes’ Cemetery in Yogyakarta.

What is the main idea of the first paragraph?

General Sudirman was a high ranking Indonesian military officer during the Indonesian national revolution. He was the first commander-in-chief of the Indonesian Armed Forces, he continues to be widely respected in the country.

On 12 November 1945, at an election to decide the military’s commander-in-chief in YogyakartA. The 24 years old Sudirman was chosen over Oerip Soemohardjo in a close vote. While waiting to be confirmed, Sudirman ordered an assault on British and Dutch forces in Ambarawa. The ensuing battle and British withdrawal strengthened Sudirman’s popular support, and he was ultimately confirmed on 18 December.

General Sudirman commanded military activities throughout Java, including a show of force in Yogyakarta on 1 March 1949. When the Dutch began withdrawing, in July 1949 Sudirman was recalled to Yogyakarta and forbidden to fight further.

In late 1949 Sudirman’s tuberculosis returned, and he retired to Magelang, where he died slightly more than a month after the Dutch recognised Indonesia’s independence. He is buried at Semaki Heroes’ Cemetery in Yogyakarta.

General Sudirman was fought against his …. before his died

General Sudirman was a high ranking Indonesian military officer during the Indonesian national revolution. He was the first commander-in-chief of the Indonesian Armed Forces, he continues to be widely respected in the country.

On 12 November 1945, at an election to decide the military’s commander-in-chief in YogyakartA. The 24 years old Sudirman was chosen over Oerip Soemohardjo in a close vote. While waiting to be confirmed, Sudirman ordered an assault on British and Dutch forces in Ambarawa. The ensuing battle and British withdrawal strengthened Sudirman’s popular support, and he was ultimately confirmed on 18 December.

General Sudirman commanded military activities throughout Java, including a show of force in Yogyakarta on 1 March 1949. When the Dutch began withdrawing, in July 1949 Sudirman was recalled to Yogyakarta and forbidden to fight further.

In late 1949 Sudirman’s tuberculosis returned, and he retired to Magelang, where he died slightly more than a month after the Dutch recognised Indonesia’s independence. He is buried at Semaki Heroes’ Cemetery in Yogyakarta.

Why did Sudirman command an assault on British and Dutch forces in Ambarawa? Because …

A recount text has following generic structure :