Write the order of the Reference entry for a journal artcile in the internet.

Write the reference entry for a newspaper, not from the internet; APA -formatted.

Write one Paragraph. Develop 3 supporting statements with examples and a conclusion on the following topic:

International aid from donor-countries to poor countries should not be provided for certain reasons.

1. Language is the main means of communication between peoples. But so many different languages have developed that language has often been a barrier rather than an aid to understanding among peoples. For many years, people have dreamed of setting up an international universal language which all people are simple and obvious. If all people spoke the same tongue, cultural and economic ties might be much closer, and good will increase between countries (Kispert, 2004).

PARAPHRASE the passage.

Perceptual differences make communication challenging enough between members of the same culture. But when communicators come from different backgrounds, the potential for misunderstandings is even greater. Culture provides a perceptual filter that influences the way we interpret even the most simple events. This fact was demonstrated in studies exploring the domination of vision in one eye over the other. Researchers used a binocular-like device that projects different images to each eye. The subjects were 12 Americans and 12 Mexicans. Each was presented with ten pairs of photographs, each pair containing one picture from U.S. culture (e.g., a baseball game) and one from Mexican culture (e.g., a bullfight). After viewing each pair of images, the subjects reported what they saw. The results clearly indicated the power of culture to influence perceptions: Subjects had a strong tendency to see the image from their own background.

The same principle causes people from different cultures to interpret the same event in different ways. Blinking while another person talks may be hardly noticeable to North Americans, but the same behavior is considered impolite in Taiwan. A "V" made with fingers means victory in most of the Western world . . . as long as the palm is facing out. But in some European countries the same sign with the palm facing in roughly means "shove it." The beckoning finger motion that is familiar to Americans is an insulting gesture in most Middle and Far Eastern countries. Even beliefs about the very value of talk differ from one culture to another. North American culture views talk as desirable and uses it for social purposes as well as to perform tasks. Silence has a negative value in this culture. It is likely to be interpreted as lack of interest, unwillingness to communicate, hostility, anxiety, shyness, or a sign of interpersonal incompatibility. Westerners are uncomfortable with silence, which they find embarrassing and awkward. Furthermore, the kind of talk Westerners admire is characterized by straightforwardness and honesty. Being indirect or vague—"beating around the bush," it might be labeled—has a negative connotation.

On the other hand, most Asian cultures discourage the expression of thoughts and feelings. Silence is valued, as Taoist sayings indicate: "In much talk there is great weariness," or "One who speaks does not know, one who knows does not speak."

Unlike Westerners who are uncomfortable with silence, Japanese and Chinese believe that remaining quiet is the proper state when there is nothing to be said. To Easterners a talkative person is often considered a show-off or insincere. And when an Asian does speak up on social matters, the message is likely to be phrased indirectly to "save face" for the recipient.

It is easy to see how these different views of speech and silence can lead to communication problems when people from different cultures meet. Both the talkative

Westerner and the silent Asian are behaving in ways they believe are proper, yet each views the other with disapproval and mistrust. Only when they recognize the different standards of behavior can they adapt to one another, or at least understand and respect their differences. (Excerpt from Understanding Human Communication, Fourth Edition, by Ronald Adler and George Rodman. Copyright © 1991 by Harcourt, Inc.

QUESTION 1. What is the topic of the text?

QUESTION 2. What is the main idea of the text? In your own words.

QUESTION 3. What are the supporting statements?