Fewest bird species live on smallest islands and most species on largest islands.

Island area was best single predictor of species richness among woody plants, carabid beetles, and land snails.

Once continuous forest converted to series of island-like fragments associated with mountains.

There is negative relationship between area and fish species richness.

There is a strong positive relationship between isolation and the number of montane mammal species living on mountaintops across the American Southwest.

Presence of more species creates a larger pool of potential extinctions.

Equilibrium model predicts species composition on islands is static.

Higher immigration rates to near islands can reduce extinction rates.

Most groups of organisms are more species-rich in the tropics.

High productivity contributes to high species richness.

Tropics richness is greater due to higher rates of speciation and / or lower rates of extinction.

Rosenzweig found a strong negative relationship between area and species diversity.

Clean, dry air at the earth’s surface is approx:

78.08 % Oxygen.

30 % Solar energy reflected back by clouds, particulate matter, etc.

During El Niño, a warm current appears off the coast of Peru. Generally during Christmas season.

Found Southern Oscillation: Barometric pressure rises in western Pacific, and causes decrease in pressure in eastern Pacific, and vice versa.

During El Niño, sea surface in western Pacific is cooler than average and barometric pressure is higher than average.

La Niña: Periods of lower sea surface temperatures and higher than average pressure in eastern tropical Pacific.

Fragmentation increases diversity of many animal groups.

During 19th and 20th centuries, concentration of atmospheric CO2 decreased dramatically.