This is a pressure-tight cylindrical plunger which is subjected to the expanding gas pressure. Its function is to convert the gas pressure from combustion into a concentrated driving thrust along the connecting rod.

This refers to the rubbing pairs formed between the crankshaft main journals and their respective lain bearings mounted in the crankcase.

Induction stroke, Compression Stroke, Power Stroke through a spark & Exhaust Stroke, these steps are called:

This is the condition when both the inlet and the exhaust valves are open at the same time during so many degrees of crankshaft rotation.

Crankcase-to-cylinder mixture transfer, Cylinder compression and crankcase induction, Cylinder combustion and crankcase compression. These steps are called:

This is the turning-effort about the crankshaft’s axis of rotation and is equal to the product of the force acting along the connecting-rod and the perpendicular distance between this force and the center of rotation of the crankshaft. It is expressed in newton meters (N m).

It is the rate of doing work. When applied to engines, power ratings may be calculated either on the basis of indicated power (i.p.), that is the power actually developed in the cylinder, or on the basis of brake power (b.p.), which is the output power measured at the crankshaft.

These are circular rings which seal the gaps made between the piston and the cylinder, their object being to prevent gas escaping and to control the amount of lubricant which is allowed to reach the top of the cylinder.

This acts as both a strut and a tie link-rod. It transmits the linear pressure impulses acting on the piston to the crankshaft big-end journal, where they are converted into turning-effort.