Your teeth may be part of your smile, but they have a more important job—they are the first step in the process of digestion.

You have three kinds of teeth. In the very front of your mouth are eight flat, thin teeth called incisors. They are used for cutting and biting food. Next to these are pointed teeth called canines, which also help you tear food. The remaining teeth are molars. These teeth have flat tops for crushing and grinding food.

What are the three kinds of teeth?

Over the last two decades, the use of ICT has been an important topic in education. On the one hand, studies have shown that ICT can enhance teaching and learning outcomes. In example, in science and mathematics education, scholars have documented that the use of ICT can improve students’ conceptual understanding, problem solving, and team working skills. Consequently, most curriculum documents state the importance of ICT and encourage school teachers to use them. However, teachers need to be specifically trained in order to integrate ICT in their teaching.

Schools are known to be resistant to innovation and change. However, the spread of ICT is beginning to affect how teachers teach. One of the current issues about the use of ICT is how it is integrated into the curriculum. The curriculum documents provide arguments for introducing ICT in the school setting. Therefore, schools expect that graduates from teacher education programs have a reasonable knowledge of how to use ICT. However, this may not be the case because most current teachers’ pre-service preparation, and sub-sequent in-service courses were designed using traditional educational technology and settings. Thus, the participant in these courses are not familiar with the processes, interaction pattern, features and possibilities of teaching learning processes based on ICT.

This issue becomes complicated because the students’ thinking skills are often weak. Also, they typically lack information literacy skills although they were born in or after 1982. In addition, they belong to the “Net generation”. Furthermore, they are accustomed to operating in a digital environment for communication, information gathering, and analysis. The problem is that students do not have to understand how their use of technology affects their habits of learning.

Effective development of pre-service teachers’ ICT proficiency does not seem to be a direct process, but is the one asking for a careful, complex approach. First, a needs assessment is important to find out what ICT skills and knowledge teachers need at school. Second, designers of teacher education programs should know the pre=service teachers’ perception on ICT and their attitudes toward ICT integration into curriculum. Third, teacher education programs need to consider the two typical arguments that support the ICT use in schools.

With the statement “One of the current issues about the use of ICT is how it is integrated into the curriculum” (paragraph 2), the author intends to_____

Over the last two decades, the use of ICT has been an important topic in education. On the one hand, studies have shown that ICT can enhance teaching and learning outcomes. In example, in science and mathematics education, scholars have documented that the use of ICT can improve students’ conceptual understanding, problem solving, and team working skills. Consequently, most curriculum documents state the importance of ICT and encourage school teachers to use them. However, teachers need to be specifically trained in order to integrate ICT in their teaching.

Schools are known to be resistant to innovation and change. However, the spread of ICT is beginning to affect how teachers teach. One of the current issues about the use of ICT is how it is integrated into the curriculum. The curriculum documents provide arguments for introducing ICT in the school setting. Therefore, schools expect that graduates from teacher education programs have a reasonable knowledge of how to use ICT. However, this may not be the case because most current teachers’ pre-service preparation, and sub-sequent in-service courses were designed using traditional educational technology and settings. Thus, the participant in these courses are not familiar with the processes, interaction pattern, features and possibilities of teaching learning processes based on ICT.

This issue becomes complicated because the students’ thinking skills are often weak. Also, they typically lack information literacy skills although they were born in or after 1982. In addition, they belong to the “Net generation”. Furthermore, they are accustomed to operating in a digital environment for communication, information gathering, and analysis. The problem is that students do not have to understand how their use of technology affects their habits of learning.

Effective development of pre-service teachers’ ICT proficiency does not seem to be a direct process, but is the one asking for a careful, complex approach. First, a needs assessment is important to find out what ICT skills and knowledge teachers need at school. Second, designers of teacher education programs should know the pre=service teachers’ perception on ICT and their attitudes toward ICT integration into curriculum. Third, teacher education programs need to consider the two typical arguments that support the ICT use in schools.

The author’s idea of the relationship between the use of ICT and learning outcome is analogous with_____

Over the last two decades, the use of ICT has been an important topic in education. On the one hand, studies have shown that ICT can enhance teaching and learning outcomes. In example, in science and mathematics education, scholars have documented that the use of ICT can improve students’ conceptual understanding, problem solving, and team working skills. Consequently, most curriculum documents state the importance of ICT and encourage school teachers to use them. However, teachers need to be specifically trained in order to integrate ICT in their teaching.

Schools are known to be resistant to innovation and change. However, the spread of ICT is beginning to affect how teachers teach. One of the current issues about the use of ICT is how it is integrated into the curriculum. The curriculum documents provide arguments for introducing ICT in the school setting. Therefore, schools expect that graduates from teacher education programs have a reasonable knowledge of how to use ICT. However, this may not be the case because most current teachers’ pre-service preparation, and sub-sequent in-service courses were designed using traditional educational technology and settings. Thus, the participant in these courses are not familiar with the processes, interaction pattern, features and possibilities of teaching learning processes based on ICT.

This issue becomes complicated because the students’ thinking skills are often weak. Also, they typically lack information literacy skills although they were born in or after 1982. In addition, they belong to the “Net generation”. Furthermore, they are accustomed to operating in a digital environment for communication, information gathering, and analysis. The problem is that students do not have to understand how their use of technology affects their habits of learning.

Effective development of pre-service teachers’ ICT proficiency does not seem to be a direct process, but is the one asking for a careful, complex approach. First, a needs assessment is important to find out what ICT skills and knowledge teachers need at school. Second, designers of teacher education programs should know the pre=service teachers’ perception on ICT and their attitudes toward ICT integration into curriculum. Third, teacher education programs need to consider the two typical arguments that support the ICT use in schools.

The assumption the author has about teacher education programs is that_____

Over the last two decades, the use of ICT has been an important topic in education. On the one hand, studies have shown that ICT can enhance teaching and learning outcomes. In example, in science and mathematics education, scholars have documented that the use of ICT can improve students’ conceptual understanding, problem solving, and team working skills. Consequently, most curriculum documents state the importance of ICT and encourage school teachers to use them. However, teachers need to be specifically trained in order to integrate ICT in their teaching.

Schools are known to be resistant to innovation and change. However, the spread of ICT is beginning to affect how teachers teach. One of the current issues about the use of ICT is how it is integrated into the curriculum. The curriculum documents provide arguments for introducing ICT in the school setting. Therefore, schools expect that graduates from teacher education programs have a reasonable knowledge of how to use ICT. However, this may not be the case because most current teachers’ pre-service preparation, and sub-sequent in-service courses were designed using traditional educational technology and settings. Thus, the participant in these courses are not familiar with the processes, interaction pattern, features and possibilities of teaching learning processes based on ICT.

This issue becomes complicated because the students’ thinking skills are often weak. Also, they typically lack information literacy skills although they were born in or after 1982. In addition, they belong to the “Net generation”. Furthermore, they are accustomed to operating in a digital environment for communication, information gathering, and analysis. The problem is that students do not have to understand how their use of technology affects their habits of learning.

Effective development of pre-service teachers’ ICT proficiency does not seem to be a direct process, but is the one asking for a careful, complex approach. First, a needs assessment is important to find out what ICT skills and knowledge teachers need at school. Second, designers of teacher education programs should know the pre=service teachers’ perception on ICT and their attitudes toward ICT integration into curriculum. Third, teacher education programs need to consider the two typical arguments that support the ICT use in schools.

Which lines of the passage illustrate the ideal ICT teacher education programs most effectively?

People who stay in education for longer appear to have better ability to compensate for the effects of dementia in the brain, a study suggest. A UK and Finnish team found those with more education were as likely to show the signs of dementia in their brain at death as those with less. But they were less likely to have displayed symptoms during their life time, the study in brain said. Experts said scientists now had to find out why the effect occured.

Over the past decade, studies on dementia have consistently shown that the more time someone spends in education, the lower the risk of dementia will be. But studies have been unable to show whether or not education – which is linked to higher socio-economic status and healthier lifestyles- protect the brain against dementia.

The researchers in this study examined the brains of 872 people who had been part of three large ageing studies. Before their deaths they had also completed questionnaires about their education. The researchers found that more education makes people better able to cope with changes in the brain associated with dementia. It also showed that, for each year spent in education, there was an 11% decreased risk of developing dementia.

In addition, the researchers used data from the Eclipse collaboration, which combines the three European population-based longitudinal studies of ageing from the UK and Finland which have assessed people for up to 20 years. This is the largest study ever to confirm that hitting the books could help people fight the symptoms of dementia in later life. What is not known is why a longer education is so good for people. Another reason could be that educated people find ways of managing and hiding their symptoms. What is needed now is research to find out why an education can make the brain more ‘dementia resistant’.

Rebecca Wood, chief executive of the Alzheimer’s Research Trust, said: “During dementia, proteins build up in the brain and nerve cells become damaged. This research suggests that education is not able to stop the damage but enables the brain to cope better and alleviate its impact.

The topic discussed in the passage is_____

People who stay in education for longer appear to have better ability to compensate for the effects of dementia in the brain, a study suggest. A UK and Finnish team found those with more education were as likely to show the signs of dementia in their brain at death as those with less. But they were less likely to have displayed symptoms during their life time, the study in brain said. Experts said scientists now had to find out why the effect occured.

Over the past decade, studies on dementia have consistently shown that the more time someone spends in education, the lower the risk of dementia will be. But studies have been unable to show whether or not education – which is linked to higher socio-economic status and healthier lifestyles- protect the brain against dementia.

The researchers in this study examined the brains of 872 people who had been part of three large ageing studies. Before their deaths they had also completed questionnaires about their education. The researchers found that more education makes people better able to cope with changes in the brain associated with dementia. It also showed that, for each year spent in education, there was an 11% decreased risk of developing dementia.

In addition, the researchers used data from the Eclipse collaboration, which combines the three European population-based longitudinal studies of ageing from the UK and Finland which have assessed people for up to 20 years. This is the largest study ever to confirm that hitting the books could help people fight the symptoms of dementia in later life. What is not known is why a longer education is so good for people. Another reason could be that educated people find ways of managing and hiding their symptoms. What is needed now is research to find out why an education can make the brain more ‘dementia resistant’.

Rebecca Wood, chief executive of the Alzheimer’s Research Trust, said: “During dementia, proteins build up in the brain and nerve cells become damaged. This research suggests that education is not able to stop the damage but enables the brain to cope better and alleviate its impact.

The word alleviate in the last paragraph means____

People who stay in education for longer appear to have better ability to compensate for the effects of dementia in the brain, a study suggest. A UK and Finnish team found those with more education were as likely to show the signs of dementia in their brain at death as those with less. But they were less likely to have displayed symptoms during their life time, the study in brain said. Experts said scientists now had to find out why the effect occured.

Over the past decade, studies on dementia have consistently shown that the more time someone spends in education, the lower the risk of dementia will be. But studies have been unable to show whether or not education – which is linked to higher socio-economic status and healthier lifestyles- protect the brain against dementia.

The researchers in this study examined the brains of 872 people who had been part of three large ageing studies. Before their deaths they had also completed questionnaires about their education. The researchers found that more education makes people better able to cope with changes in the brain associated with dementia. It also showed that, for each year spent in education, there was an 11% decreased risk of developing dementia.

In addition, the researchers used data from the Eclipse collaboration, which combines the three European population-based longitudinal studies of ageing from the UK and Finland which have assessed people for up to 20 years. This is the largest study ever to confirm that hitting the books could help people fight the symptoms of dementia in later life. What is not known is why a longer education is so good for people. Another reason could be that educated people find ways of managing and hiding their symptoms. What is needed now is research to find out why an education can make the brain more ‘dementia resistant’.

Rebecca Wood, chief executive of the Alzheimer’s Research Trust, said: “During dementia, proteins build up in the brain and nerve cells become damaged. This research suggests that education is not able to stop the damage but enables the brain to cope better and alleviate its impact.

What do the researchers need to find out about the relationship between dementia and education?

Basketball was invented in 1891 by a physical education instructor in Springfield, Massachussets, by the name of James Naismith. Because of the terrible weather in winter, his physical education courses were indoors rather than outdoors. The students really hated the idea of boring, repetitive excercises and preferred the excitement and challenge of a game. Naismith figured out a team sport that could be played indoors on a gymnasium floor, that involved a lot of running, that kept all team members involved, and that did not allow the tackling and physical contact of American-style football.

What is the main idea of the passage?

In the first half of the nineteenth century, a New York newspaper. The New York Sun, successfully carried out a hoax to the American public. Because of this trick, readership of the paper rose substantially.

On August 25, 1835, the Sun published reports that some wonderful new discoveries had been made on the moon. The article described strange, never-before-seen animals and temples covered in shining jewels. Many people were fooled by the story, including some prominent members of scientific community.

The effect of the false story on sales of the paper was dramatic. Paper sales increased considerably as people eagerly searched out details of the new discoveries. Later, the newspaper company announced that it had not been trying to trick the public; instead, the company explained the moon stories as a type of literary satire.

Which of the following best states the topic of the passage?

In the first half of the nineteenth century, a New York newspaper. The New York Sun, successfully carried out a hoax to the American public. Because of this trick, readership of the paper rose substantially.

On August 25, 1835, the Sun published reports that some wonderful new discoveries had been made on the moon. The article described strange, never-before-seen animals and temples covered in shining jewels. Many people were fooled by the story, including some prominent members of scientific community.

The effect of the false story on sales of the paper was dramatic. Paper sales increased considerably as people eagerly searched out details of the new discoveries. Later, the newspaper company announced that it had not been trying to trick the public; instead, the company explained the moon stories as a type of literary satire.

The main point of the passage is that...

Most of the ice on the Earth, close to 90 percent of it, is covering the surface of the Antartica. It does not snow very much, but whatever snow does fall, it remains there and gets thicker and thicker. In some areas of the southern continent, the ice has possibly been around for as long as a million years and now is more than two miles thick.

The main idea of the passage is...

Most of the ice on the Earth, close to 90 percent of it, is covering the surface of the Antartica. It does not snow very much, but whatever snow does fall, it remains there and gets thicker and thicker. In some areas of the southern continent, the ice has possibly been around for as long as a million years and now is more than two miles thick.

The best title for the passage is...

The term ‘primitive art’ has been used in a variety of ways to describe works and styles of art. One way that this term has been used is to describe the early period within the development of a certain style of art. Another way that this term has been used is to describe artists who have received little professional training and who demonstrate a non-traditional naiveté in their work.

A wonderful example of this second type of primitive artist is Grandma Moses, who spent all her life living in a farm and working at tasks normally associated with farm life. She did not begin painting until she reached the age of seventy-six, when she switched to painting from embroidery because the arthritis in her hands made embroidery too difficult. Totally without formal education in art, she began creating panoramic images of everyday life on the farm that have achieved international fame.

The subject of the second paragraph is... (A4)

The term ‘primitive art’ has been used in a variety of ways to describe works and styles of art. One way that this term has been used is to describe the early period within the development of a certain style of art. Another way that this term has been used is to describe artists who have received little professional training and who demonstrate a non-traditional naiveté in their work.

A wonderful example of this second type of primitive artist is Grandma Moses, who spent all her life living in a farm and working at tasks normally associated with farm life. She did not begin painting until she reached the age of seventy-six, when she switched to painting from embroidery because the arthritis in her hands made embroidery too difficult. Totally without formal education in art, she began creating panoramic images of everyday life on the farm that have achieved international fame.

Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage? (A4)

The extremely hot and humid weather that occurs in the United States in July and August is commonly called ‘dog days’ of summer. This name comes from the star Sirius, which is known as the Dog Star. Sirius is the brightest visible star, and in the hot summer months it rises in the east at appoximately the same time as the Sun. As ancient people saw this star rising with the Sun when the weather was at its hottest, they believed that Sirius was the cause of the additional heat; they believed that this bright star added its heat to the Sun’s and these two together made summer so unbearably hot.

The topic of the passage is...

The extremely hot and humid weather that occurs in the United States in July and August is commonly called ‘dog days’ of summer. This name comes from the star Sirius, which is known as the Dog Star. Sirius is the brightest visible star, and in the hot summer months it rises in the east at appoximately the same time as the Sun. As ancient people saw this star rising with the Sun when the weather was at its hottest, they believed that Sirius was the cause of the additional heat; they believed that this bright star added its heat to the Sun’s and these two together made summer so unbearably hot.

The main idea of the passage is that...

Jan Dibbets may someday have his work revered as much as his Dutch predecessors: Vermeer, Van Gogh, and Rembrant. At a time when the trends in art are toward abstraction and minimalism, Dibbets’ work integrates these two disparate trends into one remarkable whole. In one series of composite works he arranged section of architectural photographs into rounded pattern. Then, with a pen and ink and water colors, he connected the segment together unto 360-degree circular forms blending the abstract with the real and the imagined. The imaginary images resemble the views of ceiling in gothic, baroque, and neo-classical as they might be seen from the ground floor.

What is the main topic of the passage? (A6)

The light used in photosynthesis is absorbed by a green pigment called chlorophyll. Each food-making cell in a plant leaf contains chlorophyll in small bodies called chloroplasts. In chloroplast, light energy causes water drawn from the soil to split into hydrogen and oxygen.

The paragraph mainly discusses...

"Studies have shown that ICT can enhance teaching and learning outcomes".

What word best replaces the word in italics?

"In example, in science and mathematics education, scholars have documented that the use of ICT can improve students’ conceptual understanding, problem solving, and team working skills."

Who are likely called as scholars?

"This research suggests that education is not able to stop the damage but enables the brain to cope better and alleviate its impact."

The word in italics means_____

"The researchers found that more education makes people better able to cope with changes in the brain associated with dementia."

What does the underlined word mean?

Which fact supports the statement "Schools are known to be resistant to innovation and change"?