what term is used for

"An individual 1 or 0"

what term is used for

"8 bits"

what term is used for

"16 bits"

What is the name given to the set of wires used by the CPU to communicate with the Memory Controller Chip (MCC)?

What is the purpose of cache memory?

The delay in a RAM stick's response time is called its ____ and refers to ____

To ensure maximum stability is a system, choose RAM sticks that match in

Motherboard form factors are industry standardized shapes and layouts that apply to what three computer components?

What type of connection does a PCIe device have to the CPU so that it does not have to wait for other devices?

The typical PC Power supply has at least 3 types of connectors that plug into peripherals. What are they?

Faster rotational speeds in an HDD typically translate into better performance, but also produce what negative effect?

SSDs are available in what three form factors?

List four types of trash files that might typically be found in a hard drive which would be cleaned up while performing disk cleanup

Designed to be the new universal standard USB connector

25 pin D-shell connector used for connection to printers

Commonly used for internet cable modem

Extends the SATA bus at full speed to an external connection and used for external hard drives

Carries both sound and video on one cable

What device handles all the communication between the CPU and the monitor?

The three sub-pixels of each pixel on an LCD screen are:

Current LCD monitors utilize ____ technology

Older LCD monitors utilize ____ technology

There are over 400 varieties of these

____ describes the number of pixels on a display

Four Steps of Computing

Four basic computer components

Simply carries data

Internal CPU bus

EDB carries data from CPU and rest of the computer

Unidirectional Bus

Has a specific destination

places single row of RAM on EDB

or

places contents of EDB on single row of RAM

Chip and Speed

Static RAM (SRAM) that pre-loads as many instructions as possible and keeps copies of frequently used instructions

A time where the CPU pipeline is stalled waiting on RAM for data or instruction

Logical core to appear as physical core

Increasing processing efficiency

Running more than one computer system within a single unit using the same hardware

32 bit systems are referred to as _____

64 bit systems are referred to as _____

64 wires enable the address bus to address ____

Gives a CPU the ability to process multiple commands or multiple parts of a command at the same time

Enables faster control over the RAM and shared cache

Video processing portion of the computer

defines how the CPU looks physically and how it connects to the computer

Prevents CPU damage at installation

Stores programs and data currently being used by the CPU

Made of MOSFETs and Flip Flops

Does not need refresh

Used for Cache

Expensive

Made of MOSFETs and Capacitors

Needs refresh

Used for Main system memory

Less Expensive

Motherboard Form factors - 12"x13"

Motherboard Form factors - 9.6"x9.6"

Motherboard Form factors - 12"x9.6"

Where does the BIOS store all of its changeable settings?

What is a file stored on the PC hard drive that contains all of the commands necessary to talk to whatever device it was written to support?

BIOS utilizes the bootstrap loader to pass ops to the computer OS, whereas UEFI utilizes ____ for the same task

What are the three basic parts of a hard drive?

Hard drive storage is broken up into tiny sectors known as:

All network technologies break data transmitted between computers into smaller pieces called _____

A group of nodes that have the capability of sending frames at the same time as each other, resulting in collisions

Transmits same data

Transmits data Point to Point

Within the transport layer, TCP communication breaks data into chunks

Within the transport layer, UDP communication breaks data into chunks

An IPv4 address is composed of two parts

To connect on LAN to another LAN which type of networking device must be utilized?

Address Resolution Protocol is used by a router to determine the ____ for a computer that has a local IP address

The two ways a computer can receive an IP address is

Four steps of the DHCP process

What are the two types of number systems used in computing

SRAM that preloads as many instructions as possible and keeps copies of frequently used instructions

SRAM that preloads as many instructions as possible and keeps copies of frequently used instructions

A time where the CPU pipeline is stalled waiting on RAM for data or instruction

x86 processors support ____ of RAM

x64 processors support ____ of RAM

Industry-standardized shapes and layouts that enable motherboards to work interchangeably with cases and power supplies of the same

RAM is required to be installed in

what is the latest, fastest, and most popular expansion bus

Power supply in the US require AC power in the range of

Power supply in the rest of the world require AC power in the range of

What number comes after 999,999?

ATX standard voltage levels are:

Supplies AC power during power sags or outages throughout the use of a battery backup system

SATA 3.0 supports what speed?

Removable media

USB 3.0 and 3.1 are what color?

USB 3.0 is what speed?

USB 3.1 is what speed?

Used to connect to a video device such as a monitor

BC the cable carries an analog signal, signal quality will degrade

Commonly used for low power video and RF signals on equipment such as surveillance cameras

Commonly used for cable television and internet cable modem connections

Carries both sound and video on one cable

Primarily used to connect a video source to a display device

Also carries audio and USB

Color receptors RGB possible values

LCD facts

Programs that instruct the CPU how to perform various basic functions such as booting and also provides instructions to the CPU on how to communicate with the basic hardware of the system

Acts as a clock to store date and time

Errors are represented as beep codes

Last program that is run by the BIOS

Manages all of the hardware and devices attached to the system

Security application built into windows operating systems to protect from the "outside world"

Types of Networks

Smallest and most basic

Managed by one person

i.e. Cell phone

Most common

Connects groups of computers across short distances

Allows computers to be remotely connected to each other over one large network to communicate even when they are miles apart.

Creates a virtual point-to-point connection allowing a user to access a private network remotely

Two network models

Generic model that fits into all protocols

Has 4 layers

Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

OSI 7 Layer Model:

(1) Defines the method of moving data between computers

(2) Cabling and Hubs

OSI 7 Layer Model:

(1) Puts data onto the Transport Media

(2) Controlled by the Network Interface Card (NIC)

TCP/IP

Which two layers of the OSI model are combined in Layer 1?

What is IEEE

Most common type of LAN media

Communicate using MAC addresses

MAC addresses are 48-bit values represented by hexadecimal

Works at Layer 2 (TCP/IP) or Layer 3 (OSI model)

IPv4 (32-bit) or IPv6 (128-bit)

To differentiate LANs from one another, each computer on the same LAN must share a very similar IP address

Known as the Default Gateway

To determine whether or not the traffic is going to to the local LAN, the system will compare the recipients binary IP address and the senders binary IP address with the ____

through which TCP/IP networks match an IP address with a MAC address

127.0.0.0/8

... for loopback testing

Parts of the TCP "three way handshake"

Separates data into Data-Grams

Automatically assigns IP addressing information to clients who join a network

67 - Clients send data to Servers

68 - Servers send data to Clients

Translate common names like www.google.com (used to navigate the internet) to their corresponding IP addresses

Two ways to define network topology

Topologies:

Any break in network will bring the entire network down

Topologies:

Uses a single cable for each computer that connects it to central device

Topologies:

Every computer connects directly to every other computer

RG-6 Cable

RJ-45 connector

Uses LEDs or Lasers

Has 4 parts:

Core

Cladding

Buffer

Insulating Jacket

three most common types of fiber optic connectors

No fire protection

Creates noxious fumes when burned

General use cable

rated for use in drop-ceilings and vertical runs between floors of buildings

Costs 3-5x more

Central device in a network that allows multiple devices to connect to a single point and any incoming packet is sent out on all connected ports

Can only support a max of 10% of all packets lost due to collision before networks begin to fail

Creates Point-to-Point connections between two nodes

Allows Full duplex mode

CSMA/CD is no longer required

defines how wireless devices communicate and how to secure that communication

Wireless nodes connect to a central WAP creating a wireless star topology

Most commonly used

450 Mbps or 600 Mbps

very crowded

better range

1300 Mbps

less congested

shorter waves cannot penetrate walls

Collisions are avoided rather than detected

Mac address filtering limits access to a wireless network based on the physical address of the wireless NIC. If you have been "blacklisted," what happened to you?

802.11ac

Designed to take incoming data and convert it into a type of data usable by the computer

Communicate with the device's operating system (in Frames) to pass data back and forth which is called the Logical Link Control (LLC)

Can be hard-wired or wireless

Central device in a 10BaseT network that allows multiple devices to connect to a single point and has an internal segment that connects those devices electrically.

Considered OSI Layer-1

Connecting too many devices together in a 10BaseT collision domain causes network degradation

Maximum of 10% packet loss

Piece of network hardware that connects 2+ ethernet segments while separating them via collision domains

Filter andforward frames between segments based on MAC addresses

Considered OSI Layer-2

Create point to point connections between two nodes

OSI Layer 2 based upon MAC

OSI Layer 3 based upon IP address

A specific frame called a Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU) was developed to allow ____ to communicate with each other

Communication sent from one node to another

Communication sent from one node to all nodes

Communication sent from one node to a group of nodes

Any switch that you can access and configure

Simple switches with no configuration capability

needs Gen Prin of Net Routers (pg 104) - I'm going to bed

Which is NOT part of the home router

Basic routing table contains the following information

Two most common forms of Network Address Translation (NAT)

Characteristics of Dynamic NAT

Characteristics of Port Address Translation

This allows route metrics to accurately change with network conditions

Potential security risk

Devices that can be configured for use and all configurations are similar

Server Form Factors

Main reason for additional processing power in servers

Mechanism for detecting errors (larger than 1 bit) in memory

Needed for: Redundancy,

need to connect 2 diff networks,

Load balancing,

Separating network traffic

NICs are combined together to form one network card

Provide a central interface to manage users, implement security, and other admin tasks

Server Roles

Server roles

Server roles

Server role Categories

Store, organize, and supply information about a network and its resources

Provide support services for network clients

Provide communication services, operating environments, or programming interfaces for specific applications

A group of computers controlled by a computer Windows Server

Network admin often dedicate for a specific task.

Provides easy redundancy.

Simplest form of a database

most common form of a database system

Refers to the amount of data

Refers to the speed of data processing

Refers to the type of data

Designed for large numbers of transactions by a large number of users (i.e. online banking or airline ticket booking)

Enable users to analyze data from multiple perspectives. Used to find trends or complex number crunching. (i.e. sales reporting and budgeting/forecasting)

Consolidated data storage types

Disk Striping

No data protection

Disk Mirroring / Duplexing

Same data on 2 disks

Disk Striping with Distributed Parity

Requires at least 3 drives

Supports the loss of a single drive

Disk Striping with Extra Parity

Supports the loss of 2 drives

Three possible conditions of a RAID config

All drives are working properly

One or more drives have failed but the array is still operational

One or more drives have failed and all array info is lost

Provides shared file storage across LAN

Provide multiple clients with access to the same files.

Easy to Scale.

Enterprise use for Disaster Recovery

Used for Disaster Recovery or File Back-up

May be set up as a server to operate email, multimedia, database, and print server for small businesses.

Used by business that need to store huge amounts of files.

Often store virtual machine images.

Provide fast access and clustering capabilities

Medical images are stored in a format known as ____.

common features include: the ability to recover from accidental data deletion

OSI: Physical cabling and hubs

OSI: Data Link controlled by the Network Interface Card (NIC)

OSI: Networks - Packets are created and transported between networks

OSI: Transport - larger pieces are broken to smaller pieces for transport

Four steps to computing

SRAM that preloads as many instructions as possible and keeps copies of frequently used instructions

A time where the CPU pipeline is stalled waiting on RAM

32 bit systems are referred to as _____

64 bit systems are referred to as _____

x86 processors support ____ of RAM

x64 processors support ____ of RAM

Running more than one computer system within a single unit using the same hardware

To ensure maximum stability is a system, choose RAM sticks that match in

Allows for the addition of new hardware to a computer system

ATX standard voltage levels are:

Supplies AC power during power sags or outages throughout the use of a battery backup system

The faster the rotational speed,

Set of peripherals for computer

USB 3.0 and 3.1 are what color?

USB 3.0 is what speed?

Carries both sound and video on one cable

Primarily used to connect a video source to a display device

Also carries audio and USB

Color receptors RGB possible values

LCD facts

Programs that instruct the CPU how to perform various basic functions such as booting and also provides instructions to the CPU on how to communicate with the basic hardware of the system

Before the Video Test, the POST will test:

Allows users to see the status of currently running programs, background services and resource usage information

The most common and the original network.

Connects groups of computers across short distances.

Controlled by the network interface card (NIC)

Includes NICs, Hubs, all Connection media.

Include Recipient's MAC address, Sender's MAC address, Data (IP packet), and frame check.

Most common type of LAN media.

Systems utilizing the Ethernet protocol communicate using MAC addresses.

MAC addresses are unique ___ that are represented by the use of 12 ____ digits.

Known as the Default Gateway

To determine if traffic is for the local LAN or if it needs to go to the default gateway and out to the WAN.

through which TCP/IP networks match an IP address with a MAC address

Special IP Addresses (for loopback testing)

Private IP Addresses (for hiding computers from the internet)

Link-Local Address (has 8 segments)

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) uses 2 ports:

Translate common names like www.google.com (used to navigate the internet) to their corresponding IP addresses

Any break in network brings the entire network down

three most common types of fiber optic connectors

Contains a single conductor surrounded by an insulating jacket, which is surrounded by a braided metal shield

Uses an F-Connector

Uses LEDs or Lasers

CSMA/DC causes network degradation.

Maximum of 10% loss before failure.

Creates point-to-point connections between two nodes.

CSMA/DC (Ethernet) is no longer required.

Wireless nodes connect to a central WAP creating a wireless Star Topology.

Most commonly used node.

450 Mbps or 600 Mbps

very crowded

better range

Mac address filtering limits access to a wireless network based on the physical address of the wireless NIC. If you have been "blacklisted," what happened to you?

What two 802.11 revisions are compatible with 802.11a?

Designed to take incoming data and convert it into a type of data usable by the computer

Communicate with the device's operating system (in Frames) to pass data back and forth which is called the Logical Link Control (LLC)

Can be hard-wired or wireless

Arbitrary value that defines the "cost" of using a particular route

Characteristics of Dynamic NAT

Characteristics of Port Address Translation

Potential security risk, -> increase security

Used to grant access to an internal (private) IP address from an external source

Allows route metrics to accurately change with network conditions

Server Form Factors

one of the primary reasons servers have a need for additional processing power

Compatible with both Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) and Serial AT Attachment (SATA)

Compatible with only one:

Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) or Serial AT Attachment (SATA)

Needed for: Redundancy,

need to connect 2 diff networks,

Load balancing,

Separating network traffic

NICs are combined together to form one network card

Common roles that servers might perform in a network

Common roles that servers might perform in a network

Server role Categories

Store, organize, and supply information about a network and its resources

Provide support services for network clients

Provide communication services, operating environments, or programming interfaces for specific applications