The latest round in an ongoing debate over global-warming trends claims that warming has indeed slowed down this century. An obvious slowing in the rise of global temperatures was recorded at the beginning of the twenty-first century. This was referred to as a "hiatus" or a "pause". This hiatus was first observed several years ago. Climate change skeptics have used this as evidence that global warming has stopped permanently. But in June last year, a study in science claimed that the hiatus was just an artifact which disappears when biases in temperature data are corrected. Now a prominent group of researchers is countering that claim. They argue in Nature Climate Change that even after correcting these biases the slowdown was real. "There is this mismatch between what the climate models are producing and what the observations are showing," says lead author John Fyfe. Fyfe is a climate modeler at the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis in Victoria. "We can't ignore it." Fyfe uses the term "slowdown" rather than "hiatus". He also stresses that it does not in any way weaken global-warming theory. The debate turns in part around statistics on temperature trends. The study that questioned the existence of the slowdown corrected known biases in the surface temperature record maintained by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The finding showed differences in temperature readings from ships and buoys. This effectively increased the record about warming. The researchers also extended the record to include 2014. This set a new record high for average temperatures. Thomas Karl, director of National Centers for Environmental Information in Asheville, calculated the rate of global warming between 1950 and 1999 as being 0.113°C per decade. This was similar to the 0.116°C a decade calculated for 2000-14. This, Karl said, meant that an assessment done by the influential Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2013 showing that warming had slowed was no longer valid. Therefore, it can be concluded that global warming is a fabricated issue.

How does the author organize paragraph 2?

Now a prominent group of researchers is countering that claim. They argue in Nature Climate Change that even after correcting these biases the slowdown was real. "There is

this mismatch between what the climate models are producing and what the observations are showing," says lead author John Fyfe. Fyfe is a climate modeler at the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis in Victoria. "We can't ignore it." Fyfe uses the term "slowdown" rather than "hiatus". He also stresses that it does not in any way weaken global-warming theory.

It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that John

Fyfe is ....

The latest round in an ongoing debate over global-warming trends claims that warming has indeed slowed down this century. An obvious slowing in the rise of global temperatures was recorded at the beginning of the twenty-first century. This was referred to as a "hiatus" or a "pause". This hiatus was first observed several years ago. Climate change skeptics have used this as evidence that global warming has stopped permanently. But in June last year, a study in science claimed that the hiatus was just an artifact which disappears when biases in temperature data are corrected. Now a prominent group of researchers is countering that claim. They argue in Nature Climate Change that even after correcting these biases the slowdown was real. "There is this mismatch between what the climate models are producing and what the observations are showing," says lead author John Fyfe. Fyfe is a climate modeler at the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis in Victoria. "We can't ignore it." Fyfe uses the term "slowdown" rather than "hiatus". He also stresses that it does not in any way weaken global-warming theory. The debate turns in part around statistics on temperature trends. The study that questioned the existence of the slowdown corrected known biases in the surface temperature record maintained by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The finding showed differences in temperature readings from ships and buoys. This effectively increased the record about warming. The researchers also extended the record to include 2014. This set a new record high for average temperatures. Thomas Karl, director of National Centers for Environmental Information in Asheville, calculated the rate of global warming between 1950 and 1999 as being 0.113°C per decade. This was similar to the 0.116°C a decade calculated for 2000-14. This, Karl said, meant that an assessment done by the influential Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2013 showing that warming had slowed was no longer valid. Therefore, it can be concluded that global warming is a fabricated issue.

Which of the following obviously shows the

author’s false idea?

Young people have put the spotlight on mental health in Mission Australia’s Youth Survey this year, naming it as one of the top three issues facing Australia. The survey found concerns about mental health across the country that have doubled alarmingly since 2011. About 22,000 young people aged 15 to 19 took part in the survey and more than 20 per cent cited mental health as among their top national issues. Alcohol and drugs were cited as their top concern, followed

by equity and discrimination. Mission Australia chief executive Catherine Yeomans said concerns about mental

health were at their highest level in the survey’s 15-year history. “If young people are telling us that they think this is one of the top three concerns facing the nation, then we

should sit up and pay attention and we should think about whether we’ve got the right responses in place,” she said. “Let’s look at the issues and put in programs that are going to support young people.” The results did not surprise 19-year-old Savannah van der Veer, who has managed depression and obsessive compulsive disorder for more than a decade. “People don’t take you seriously, they just assume all children are kind of moody and unusual - they

do strange things that don’t make sense,” she said. “But I was really suffering and I didn’t really know how to talk about it and I didn’t really know that what was happening to me wasn’t normal.” Miss van der Veer said she

turned to her mother and counselors for support.

Youth mental health group Batyr held more than 150 workshops in Australian high schools last year. The program is facilitated by young people who have experienced mental health issues. “What our programs are

designed to do is to make it OK to not be OK - to show young people that there are people out there like them who are suffering and going through tough times but that we can talk about it as a group,” chief executive Sam Refshauge said. The sessions incorporate music and activities to shift negative stigma around mental health issues.

What topic does the paragraph preceding the

passage most likely discuss?

Young people have put the spotlight on mental health in Mission Australia’s Youth Survey this year, naming it as one of the top three issues facing Australia. The survey found concerns about mental health across the country that have doubled alarmingly since 2011. About 22,000 young people aged 15 to 19 took part in the survey and more than 20 per cent cited mental health as among their top national issues. Alcohol and drugs were cited as their top concern, followed

by equity and discrimination. Mission Australia chief executive Catherine Yeomans said concerns about mental

health were at their highest level in the survey’s 15-year history. “If young people are telling us that they think this is one of the top three concerns facing the nation, then we

should sit up and pay attention and we should think about whether we’ve got the right responses in place,” she said. “Let’s look at the issues and put in programs that are going to support young people.” The results did not surprise 19-year-old Savannah van der Veer, who has managed depression and obsessive compulsive disorder for more than a decade. “People don’t take you seriously, they just assume all children are kind of moody and unusual - they

do strange things that don’t make sense,” she said. “But I was really suffering and I didn’t really know how to talk about it and I didn’t really know that what was happening to me wasn’t normal.” Miss van der Veer said she

turned to her mother and counselors for support.

Youth mental health group Batyr held more than 150 workshops in Australian high schools last year. The program is facilitated by young people who have experienced mental health issues. “What our programs are

designed to do is to make it OK to not be OK - to show young people that there are people out there like them who are suffering and going through tough times but that we can talk about it as a group,” chief executive Sam Refshauge said. The sessions incorporate music and activities to shift negative stigma around mental health issues.

What is the author’s attitude toward the topic

of the passage?

Young people have put the spotlight on mental health in Mission Australia’s Youth Survey this year, naming it as one of the top three issues facing Australia. The survey found concerns about mental health across the country that have doubled alarmingly since 2011. About 22,000 young people aged 15 to 19 took part in the survey and more than 20 per cent cited mental health as among their top national issues. Alcohol and drugs were cited as their top concern, followed

by equity and discrimination. Mission Australia chief executive Catherine Yeomans said concerns about mental

health were at their highest level in the survey’s 15-year history. “If young people are telling us that they think this is one of the top three concerns facing the nation, then we

should sit up and pay attention and we should think about whether we’ve got the right responses in place,” she said. “Let’s look at the issues and put in programs that are going to support young people.” The results did not surprise 19-year-old Savannah van der Veer, who has managed depression and obsessive compulsive disorder for more than a decade. “People don’t take you seriously, they just assume all children are kind of moody and unusual - they

do strange things that don’t make sense,” she said. “But I was really suffering and I didn’t really know how to talk about it and I didn’t really know that what was happening to me wasn’t normal.” Miss van der Veer said she

turned to her mother and counselors for support.

Youth mental health group Batyr held more than 150 workshops in Australian high schools last year. The program is facilitated by young people who have experienced mental health issues. “What our programs are

designed to do is to make it OK to not be OK - to show young people that there are people out there like them who are suffering and going through tough times but that we can talk about it as a group,” chief executive Sam Refshauge said. The sessions incorporate music and activities to shift negative stigma around mental health issues.

Based on the passage, young people will understand

their own mental health condition

if ...

Young people have put the spotlight on mental health in Mission Australia’s Youth Survey this year, naming it as one of the top three issues facing Australia. The survey found concerns about mental health across the country that have doubled alarmingly since 2011. About 22,000 young people aged 15 to 19 took part in the survey and more than 20 per cent cited mental health as among their top national issues. Alcohol and drugs were cited as their top concern, followed

by equity and discrimination. Mission Australia chief executive Catherine Yeomans said concerns about mental

health were at their highest level in the survey’s 15-year history. “If young people are telling us that they think this is one of the top three concerns facing the nation, then we

should sit up and pay attention and we should think about whether we’ve got the right responses in place,” she said. “Let’s look at the issues and put in programs that are going to support young people.” The results did not surprise 19-year-old Savannah van der Veer, who has managed depression and obsessive compulsive disorder for more than a decade. “People don’t take you seriously, they just assume all children are kind of moody and unusual - they

do strange things that don’t make sense,” she said. “But I was really suffering and I didn’t really know how to talk about it and I didn’t really know that what was happening to me wasn’t normal.” Miss van der Veer said she

turned to her mother and counselors for support.

Youth mental health group Batyr held more than 150 workshops in Australian high schools last year. The program is facilitated by young people who have experienced mental health issues. “What our programs are

designed to do is to make it OK to not be OK - to show young people that there are people out there like them who are suffering and going through tough times but that we can talk about it as a group,” chief executive Sam Refshauge said. The sessions incorporate music and activities to shift negative stigma around mental health issues.

Which of the following is the best summary

of the passage?

If you’re a man, how much you eat may have more to do with the gender of your dining companions than your appetite. A new Cornell University study, published in the journal Evolutionary Psychological Science, found that men will eat significantly more food in the company of women than they will with other men. For the study, researchers observed 105 adults lunching at an all-you-can-eat Italian buffet over the course of two weeks. They recorded the number of pizza slices and how many bowls of salad each diner ate. Gender of each diner’s eating partner or partners was also noted. Before leaving the restaurant, the diners were intercepted by a researcher to ask them to complete a

short survey indicating their level of fullness after eating, and their feelings of hurriedness and comfort while eating.

Men who dined with at least one woman ate 92% more pizza and 86% more salad than men who dined with only other men. The amount that women ate didn’t differ when eating with other women or with men. When they ate with

men, many women indicated feeling that they overate and were rushed through their meal. "These findings suggest that men tend to overeat to show off" you can also see this tendency in eating competitions which almost always have

mostly male participants,‖ explains lead author Kevin Kniffin, PhD, of Cornell University. The study was conducted by Kniffin, Ozge Sigirci, a former visiting scholar at the Cornell University Food and Brand Lab, and Brian Wansink, professor and director of the Food and Brand Lab.

According to the research, why does the man

in the study tend to overeat?

If you’re a man, how much you eat may have more to do with the gender of your dining companions than your appetite. A new Cornell University study, published in the journal Evolutionary Psychological Science, found that men will eat significantly more food in the company of women than they will with other men. For the study, researchers observed 105 adults lunching at an all-you-can-eat Italian buffet over the course of two weeks. They recorded the number of pizza slices and how many bowls of salad each diner ate. Gender of each diner’s eating partner or partners was also noted. Before leaving the restaurant, the diners were intercepted by a researcher to ask them to complete a

short survey indicating their level of fullness after eating, and their feelings of hurriedness and comfort while eating.

Men who dined with at least one woman ate 92% more pizza and 86% more salad than men who dined with only other men. The amount that women ate didn’t differ when eating with other women or with men. When they ate with

men, many women indicated feeling that they overate and were rushed through their meal. "These findings suggest that men tend to overeat to show off" you can also see this tendency in eating competitions which almost always have

mostly male participants,‖ explains lead author Kevin Kniffin, PhD, of Cornell University. The study was conducted by Kniffin, Ozge Sigirci, a former visiting scholar at the Cornell University Food and Brand Lab, and Brian Wansink, professor and director of the Food and Brand Lab.

The following are true according to the text,

EXCEPT ...

If you’re a man, how much you eat may have more to do with the gender of your dining companions than your appetite. A new Cornell University study, published in the journal Evolutionary Psychological Science, found that men will eat significantly more food in the company of women than they will with other men. For the study, researchers observed 105 adults lunching at an all-you-can-eat Italian buffet over the course of two weeks. They recorded the number of pizza slices and how many bowls of salad each diner ate. Gender of each diner’s eating partner or partners was also noted. Before leaving the restaurant, the diners were intercepted by a researcher to ask them to complete a

short survey indicating their level of fullness after eating, and their feelings of hurriedness and comfort while eating.

Men who dined with at least one woman ate 92% more pizza and 86% more salad than men who dined with only other men. The amount that women ate didn’t differ when eating with other women or with men. When they ate with

men, many women indicated feeling that they overate and were rushed through their meal. "These findings suggest that men tend to overeat to show off" you can also see this tendency in eating competitions which almost always have

mostly male participants,‖ explains lead author Kevin Kniffin, PhD, of Cornell University. The study was conducted by Kniffin, Ozge Sigirci, a former visiting scholar at the Cornell University Food and Brand Lab, and Brian Wansink, professor and director of the Food and Brand Lab.

What can replace the phrase "in the company

of"?(paragraph 1)

If you’re a man, how much you eat may have more to do with the gender of your dining companions than your appetite. A new Cornell University study, published in the journal Evolutionary Psychological Science, found that men will eat significantly more food in the company of women than they will with other men. For the study, researchers observed 105 adults lunching at an all-you-can-eat Italian buffet over the course of two weeks. They recorded the number of pizza slices and how many bowls of salad each diner ate. Gender of each diner’s eating partner or partners was also noted. Before leaving the restaurant, the diners were intercepted by a researcher to ask them to complete a

short survey indicating their level of fullness after eating, and their feelings of hurriedness and comfort while eating.

Men who dined with at least one woman ate 92% more pizza and 86% more salad than men who dined with only other men. The amount that women ate didn’t differ when eating with other women or with men. When they ate with

men, many women indicated feeling that they overate and were rushed through their meal. "These findings suggest that men tend to overeat to show off" you can also see this tendency in eating competitions which almost always have

mostly male participants,‖ explains lead author Kevin Kniffin, PhD, of Cornell University. The study was conducted by Kniffin, Ozge Sigirci, a former visiting scholar at the Cornell University Food and Brand Lab, and Brian Wansink, professor and director of the Food and Brand Lab.

What is the main idea of the text above?

When parents have high hopes for their children’s academic achievement, the children tend to do better in school, unless those hopes are unrealistic, in which case the children may not perform well in school, according to research published by the American Psychological Association.

"Our research revealed both positive and negative aspects of parents’ aspiration for their children’s academic performance. Although parental aspiration can help improve children’s academic performance, excessive parental aspiration can be poisonous," said lead author Kou Murayama, PhD, of the University of Reading. The

study was published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology®.

Murayama and his colleagues analyzed data from a longitudinal study from 2002-07 of 3,530 secondary school students (49.7 percent female) and their parents in Bavaria, Germany. The study assessed student math achievement as well as parental aspiration (how much they want their

child to earn a particular grade) and expectation (how much they believe their child can achieve a certain grade) on an annual basis.

They found that high parental aspiration led to increased academic achievement, but only when it did not overly exceed realistic expectation. When aspiration exceeded expectation, the children’s achievement decreased proportionately.

To reinforce the results, the researchers attempted to replicate the main findings of the study using data from a two-year study of over 12,000 U.S. students and their parents. The results were similar to the German study and provided further evidence that parents’ overly high aspirations are associated with worse academic performance by their kids.

Previous psychological research has found the association between aspiration and academic achievement, but this study highlights a caveat, said Murayama.

"Much of the previous literature conveyed a simple, straightforward message to parents "aim high for your children and they will achieve more," said Murayama. In fact, getting parents to have higher hopes for their children has often been a goal of programs designed to improve

academic performance in schools. This study suggests that the focus of such educational programs should not be on blindly increasing parental aspiration but on giving parents the information they need to develop realistic expectations.

"Unrealistically high aspiration may hinder academic performance. Simply raising aspiration cannot be an effective solution to improve success in education," he said.

Which one is TRUE according to the text?

When parents have high hopes for their children’s academic achievement, the children tend to do better in school, unless those hopes are unrealistic, in which case the children may not perform well in school, according to research published by the American Psychological Association.

"Our research revealed both positive and negative aspects of parents’ aspiration for their children’s academic performance. Although parental aspiration can help improve children’s academic performance, excessive parental aspiration can be poisonous," said lead author Kou Murayama, PhD, of the University of Reading. The

study was published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology®.

Murayama and his colleagues analyzed data from a longitudinal study from 2002-07 of 3,530 secondary school students (49.7 percent female) and their parents in Bavaria, Germany. The study assessed student math achievement as well as parental aspiration (how much they want their

child to earn a particular grade) and expectation (how much they believe their child can achieve a certain grade) on an annual basis.

They found that high parental aspiration led to increased academic achievement, but only when it did not overly exceed realistic expectation. When aspiration exceeded expectation, the children’s achievement decreased proportionately.

To reinforce the results, the researchers attempted to replicate the main findings of the study using data from a two-year study of over 12,000 U.S. students and their parents. The results were similar to the German study and provided further evidence that parents’ overly high aspirations are associated with worse academic performance by their kids.

Previous psychological research has found the association between aspiration and academic achievement, but this study highlights a caveat, said Murayama.

"Much of the previous literature conveyed a simple, straightforward message to parents "aim high for your children and they will achieve more," said Murayama. In fact, getting parents to have higher hopes for their children has often been a goal of programs designed to improve

academic performance in schools. This study suggests that the focus of such educational programs should not be on blindly increasing parental aspiration but on giving parents the information they need to develop realistic expectations.

"Unrealistically high aspiration may hinder academic performance. Simply raising aspiration cannot be an effective solution to improve success in education," he said.

Which data are collected in the German research?

When parents have high hopes for their children’s academic achievement, the children tend to do better in school, unless those hopes are unrealistic, in which case the children may not perform well in school, according to research published by the American Psychological Association.

"Our research revealed both positive and negative aspects of parents’ aspiration for their children’s academic performance. Although parental aspiration can help improve children’s academic performance, excessive parental aspiration can be poisonous," said lead author Kou Murayama, PhD, of the University of Reading. The

study was published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology®.

Murayama and his colleagues analyzed data from a longitudinal study from 2002-07 of 3,530 secondary school students (49.7 percent female) and their parents in Bavaria, Germany. The study assessed student math achievement as well as parental aspiration (how much they want their

child to earn a particular grade) and expectation (how much they believe their child can achieve a certain grade) on an annual basis.

They found that high parental aspiration led to increased academic achievement, but only when it did not overly exceed realistic expectation. When aspiration exceeded expectation, the children’s achievement decreased proportionately.

To reinforce the results, the researchers attempted to replicate the main findings of the study using data from a two-year study of over 12,000 U.S. students and their parents. The results were similar to the German study and provided further evidence that parents’ overly high aspirations are associated with worse academic performance by their kids.

Previous psychological research has found the association between aspiration and academic achievement, but this study highlights a caveat, said Murayama.

"Much of the previous literature conveyed a simple, straightforward message to parents "aim high for your children and they will achieve more," said Murayama. In fact, getting parents to have higher hopes for their children has often been a goal of programs designed to improve

academic performance in schools. This study suggests that the focus of such educational programs should not be on blindly increasing parental aspiration but on giving parents the information they need to develop realistic expectations.

"Unrealistically high aspiration may hinder academic performance. Simply raising aspiration cannot be an effective solution to improve success in education," he said.

What is the goal of the US study as shown in paragraph 5?