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WorksheetsValidity
Total questions: 33
Worksheet time: 33mins
(a) refers to how well a piece of research measures what it says it measures.
In an experiment, validity would be said to be high if:
The manipulation of the IV caused the change in the DV
The manipulation of the DV caused the change in the IV
Extraneous variables caused the change in the IV
Experimental research using which experimental design is most at risk of participant variables decreasing the validity of the research.
Repeated measures design
Independent groups design
Matched-pairs design
Order effects are an example of an extraneous variable that reduce the validity of research. Identify the appropriate ways in which validity of such research can be improved.
Use counterbalancing
Use random allocation
Use a matched-pairs design
Use randomisation
Order effects can reduce the validity of experimental research using which experimental design?
Repeated measures design
Independent groups design
Matched-pairs design
Participant variables are an example of an extraneous variable that reduce the validity of research. Identify the appropriate ways in which validity of such research can be improved.
Use an independent groups design
Use random allocation
Use a matched-pairs design
Use randomisation
In which type of experiment are situational variables most likely to decrease the validity of the findings?
Laboratory experiment
Field experiment
Investigator effects can decrease the validity of research, but what are investigator effects?
When the investigators behaviour or characteristics influences the way in which the participant responds.
When the investigator deliberately leads the participant into giving an answer/behaving in a certain way.
When the investigator tells the participants the aim of the research which increases demand characteristics.
Investigator effects can be reduced by using a ___________-_________ technique whereby both the investigator and participants do not know the aims of the research.
(a)
When conducting an observation, which type of observation should researchers use if they want to avoid investigator effects?
Covert observation
Overt observation
Naturalistic observation
Controlled observation
Which self-report technique is more likely to result in investigator effects?
Questionnaires
Interviews
__________ __________ can decrease the validity of research. This is when participants attempt to guess the aims of the research and, as a result, change their behaviour to suit the aims.
(a)
People are more likely to show demand characteristics in which experimental design?
Independent groups design
Matched pairs design
Repeated measures design
Which sampling technique is most likely to result in demand characteristics?
Opportunity sampling
Random sampling
Volunteer sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
What type of questions can be used in questionnaires and interviews to make the aims of the study less obvious and thus reduce demand characteristics?
Open questions
Closed questions
Filler questions
___________ ___________ _________ reduces the validity of research. This is when participants change their answers/behaviours to be viewed favourably by others.
(a)
Which of the following would reduce social desirability bias in research?
Guarantee confidentiality
Use a covert observation
Use an overt observation
Use a questionnaire rather than an interview to enable anonymity
How can we increase validity in experiments?
Use a double blind technique
Using a volunteer sample
Using a matched pairs design to reduce participant variables and eliminate order effects
Use standardised procedures
How can we increase validity in observations?
Establish clear behavioural categories
Use an overt observation
Use the same observers
How can we increase validity in self-report techniques?
By using leading questions
By using filler questions
By guaranteeing confidentiality
(a) validity refers to a way of assessing validity. It refers to when a behaviour appears at first sight to represent what is being measured.
Face validity is checked by:
The researcher asking other people if their DV is a good measure of the behaviour in focus
The researcher asking other people if their IV is a good measure of the behaviour in focus
The researcher correlating participant performance on their measure (e.g. test) with a pre-existing measure of the same variable that has already found to be valid
Concurrent validity is checked by:
The researcher asking other people if their DV is a good measure of the behaviour in focus
The researcher asking other people if their IV is a good measure of the behaviour in focus
The researcher correlating participant performance on their measure (e.g. test) with a pre-existing measure of the same variable that has already found to be valid
(a) validity refers is a way of assessing validity. It refers to when performance on a new measure correlates highly with performance on a pre-existing measure of the same variable that has been found to be valid.
Which of the following are ways of assessing validity?
Face validity
Concurrent validity
Test-retest validity
Inter-observer validity
(a) validity refers to where a measure of behaviour accurately reflects the way in which the behaviour would occur in normal circumstances (i.e. is the setting appropriate?)
(a) validity refers to where findings from research that took place at a certain point in time accurately reflect the way that behaviour would occur at a different point in time (i.e. can you generalise the findings across time)
(a) validity refers to when the results from a study can be generalised to the larger population.
Which of the following research would be high in ecological validity?
Field experiment
Laboratory experiment
Naturalistic observation
Controlled observation
Asch's study can be criticised for lacking (a) validity because it was conducted in the 1950s - a time of post-war attitudes where people were more likely to be conformist.
Eyewitness testimony research conducted in laboratories can be criticised for lacking (a) validity because it fails to reflect the situation in which real-life eyewitness events take place.
Which of the following would decrease the population validity of research?
Using opportunity sampling
Using volunteer sampling
Using a small sample size
Using a biased sample e.g. all male
Using stratified sampling
Loftus and Palmer's research into the effects of leading questions in eyewitness testimony can be criticised for lacking (a) validity because of the use of student participants.
