made the DNA X-Ray diffraction patterns and took Photo 51

Used mice and streptococcus pneumoniae. Questioned what chemical component was responsible for the transformation principle

Performed the Hershey-Chase blender experiment usingT2 Viruses and E. Coli to establish that DNA is the material that viruses(bacteriophage)transfer to their host.

stated that there is an equal number of Thymine to Adenine and an equal number of Guanine to Cytosine.

shown that each nucleotide building block of DNA is made up of a phosphate group linked to a deoxyribose sugar.

Nitrogen bases that link together in the formation of DNA based on their fit.

A part of the nucleotide that helps form the backbone of DNA. This specific part of the backbone contains phosphorus.

A part of the nucleotide that helps form the backbone of DNA. This specific part of the backbone is a ringed structure containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

A part of the nucleotide that actually attaches to the complementary DNA strand. This specific part of the nucleotide contains nitrogen.

Nitrogen base that connects to thymine.

Nitrogen base that connects to adenine.

Nitrogen base that connects to cytosine.

Nitrogen base that connects to guanine.

a molecule composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms

Type of chemical bond that connects the complementary base pairs.

Forms the structural framework of nucleic acids made of alternating sugar and phosphate groups.

Directionality DNA stating the two strands go in opposite directions of one another but remain parallel.

Direction that DNA replication occurs.

Enzyme responsible for unraveling and unzipping DNA

Enzyme responsible for holding the two strands apart during DNA replication

Enzyme responsible for laying down an RNA primer to begin the addition of free-nucleotides during replication

Enzyme responsible for adding the free-nucleotides during replication

Enzyme responsible for removing the RNA primer during DNA replication

Enzyme responsible for filling in the gaps during DNA replication

Type of replication where you “keep half” meaning that the original two stranded DNA is separated and becomes half of each new strand of DNA during replication

Overall process of transcribing DNA to RNA and translating that RNA into an amino acid sequence for protein synthesis.

Process of reading a DNA sequence and creating an mRNA sequence.

Process of reading an mRNA sequence and creating an amino acid sequence.

molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes (different types include: messenger, ribosomal, transfer)

nucleotide base that replaces thymine in the complementary base pairs during RNA formation

single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein

Molecule responsible for delivering the amino acid to the ribosome correlating its anti-codon to its complementary mRNA codon sequence.

Within the ribosome, the molecules that direct the catalytic steps of protein synthesis — the stitching together of amino acids to make a protein molecule.

a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code on an mRNA strand

a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code on an tRNA strand

a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene

type of mutation where one base pair is replaced by a different base pair

type of mutation where an additional base pair is added

type of mutation where a base pair is removed

type of mutation where an additional base pair is added

a mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence (such as substitution).

A mutation affecting a large portion of the gene sequence (such as deletion or insertion)

Any detectable variation within germ cells. Mutations in these cells are the only mutations that can be passed on to offspring, when either a mutated sperm or oocyte come together to form a zygote

Mutations occur at some time during a person's life and are present only in certain cells, not in every cell in the body. These changes can be caused by environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or can occur if an error is made as DNA copies itself during cell division. These mutations are not passed on to offspring.

moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity.

the exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc.

a unique technology that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence. It is currently the simplest, most versatile and precise method of genetic manipulation and is therefore causing a buzz in the science world.

any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques

The newly added strand of DNA during replication that is added continuously in the same direction of the replication fork.

The newly added strand of DNA during replication that is added discontinuously in the opposite direction of the replication fork.

The fragmented sections of DNA on the lagging strand made in response to discontinuous replication.

The space created in the middle of the DNA strands during DNA replication.