the total knowledge and skills available to any human society for industry, art, science, etc.

wire with clusters of short, sharp spikes set at intervals along it to dissuade animals from pushing through it, used to make fences

a track or set of tracks made of steel along which passenger and freight trains run

where cattle roam freely regardless of land ownership

the Union Pacific built from the east, and the Central Pacific built from the west. The two lines met in Utah at a place called Promontory Point.

provided federal subsidies in land and loans for the construction of a transcontinental railroad across the United States

early industrial pioneers amassing or overseeing construction of many large steel transportation byways through the early 20th century

The Central Pacific laborers were predominantly Chinese, and the Union Pacific laborers predominantly Irish. Both groups often worked under harsh conditions.

allowed more people to travel cheaply, move west, visit relatives, and see sights unique to the West

railroads supplied cities and towns with food, fuel, building materials, and access to markets

the process of moving a herd of bovines (cows) from one place to another, usually moved and herded by cowboys on horses.

a person who cultivates land or crops or raises animals (such as livestock or fish)

risks such as inclement weather (drought, flood, freeze, etc.) or insects can cause severe financial struggles for the agriculture industry

government wrongs or hardships, real or supposed, can form legitimate grounds of complaint

financial inequality, wrongs, and hardships that cause standards of living complaints

squeeze out competitors, force down down labor and raw material prices, charge customers more and get special favors/treatments from National and State government

worked closely with large industries to make insane amounts of money while rarely extending credit, loans, or mercy to the common people

because railroads and banks had most of the power, agriculture workers united to improve commerce practices for themselves against the banks/railroads

belief that farmers must be taken care of or they will quit farming

severe economic downturn that can cause a recession or depression, for this unit railroads and banks bit off more than they could chew and ran out of money

convert paper money into a fixed amount of that yellow metal everyone loves to wear, aka monometallism

political conflict that pitted cheap silver vs expensive gold as standards for the cash system, banks preferred gold while common man/farmers preferred silver

a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite (rich) groups.

mostly farmers/common men wanting a graduated income tax (the more you make, the more you pay), a shorter workweek, restrictions on immigration, and public ownership of railroads and communication lines

William McKinley ran for president (and won) while wanting to only use the gold standard for the economy

gave the "Cross of Gold" speech which stated poor men and farmers were being crucified by the rich (republicans) because silver should be added to the gold money standard

also known as the populist party

William Jennings Bryan (the most influential loser in American history) stole ideas of the Populist and People's Parties to increase amount of people in this party