This method of classification combines the traditional genotypic, phenotypic, and phylogenetic or evolutionary relationships into a general purpose classification system.

Hallmark of diagnostic microbiology

Method for organizing microorganisms into groups or taxa based on similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits.

First to use lens to observe the smallest unit of tissues

First to observe and accurately describe bacteria and protozoa

Process by which a microorganism's key features are delineated.

Growth of microbiota in or on a body site without the production of damage or notable symptoms.

Microorganisms that are commonly found on or in body sites of healthy persons.

Human body cells are examples of this type of cell that contains a nucleus...

staphylococus and streptococcus are similar in what ways?

An infection that occurs as the result of medical treatment or procedures.

Plays a key role in the characterization of organisms that have been cultivated in the laboratory.

Light is passed through the sample and then through a series of lenses that bend the light

The extent to which detail in the magnified object is maintained.

closest distance between two objects that when magnified still allows the two objects to be distinguished from each other

make objects stand out from the background

Aspirate SHOULD NOT be placed in the anticoagulant ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tube

Cytocentrifugation or concentration of a sterile body

fluid such as cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) ENHANCES the ability to identify cells in a specimen that may contain small numbers of microorganisms.

provides a mechanism for the rapid presumptive

identification of pathogens

preserves the morphology of host cells, as well as bacteria, and is especially useful for examining bloody specimens

applied after the crystal violet to chemically bond the alkaline dye to the iodine, forming a CV-I complex and cross-linking the complex in the bacterial cell wall

stain the colorless gram-negative bacteria pink

or red

extensive teichoic acid cross-links contribute to the ability of GRAM-POSITIVE organisms to resist alcohol decolorization

What is a bacterial colony?

What is a bacterial culture?

Cultural morphology refers to...

Which cellular morphology appears as a small circle?

Which cellular morphology appears as elongated, oval, or "rod" shaped?

This type of bacteria forms long chains...

This type of bacteria forms in large bunches like grapes...

A procedure in which all cells are stained the same color...

A staining technique used to categorize cells based on how they react to dyes in certain stains.

Gram - bacteria will take the color of which stain?

Gram + bacteria will take the color of which stain?

What chemical is used as the primary stain in a Gram stain?

What chemical is used as the counterstain during Gram staining?

What is Gram's Iodine used for during Gram staining?

Which best describes the bacteria shown in the picture?

What teichoic acid containing macromolecule in the cell wall does the primary stain bind to in Gram + bacteria?

The E. Coli bacteria pictured can be classified as...

Select all that describes the photo

Gram stain takes full advantage of the

waxy content of the cell walls to maximize detection

Kinyoun Acid-fast Method requires heat to allow the primary stain (carbolfuchsin) to enter the wax-containing cell wall

Phase-contrast microscopy DOES USE a fixed smear preparation

raised to a higher energy level after absorbing ultraviolet (excitation) light

When the dye molecules return to their normal, lower energy state, they release excess energy in the form of visible light.

permanent loss of fluorescence as a result of

chemical damage to the fluorochrome

result of the transfer of the light energy to nearby molecules in the sample such as free radicals, salts of heavy metals, or halogens

Fluorochrome acridine orange does not bind to nucleic acid.

The waxy mycolic acids in the cell walls of mycobacteria

have an affinity for:

The mycobacterial cells appear bright pink or red against a greenish background

The cell walls of fungi will bind the stain:

the condenser does not allow light to pass directly through the specimen but directs the light to hit the specimen at an oblique angle

grow at the bottom of the broth tube

grow near the surface

The most common solidifying agent, has the unique property of melting at high temperatures (95°C) but resolidifying after the temperature falls below 50°C

The agarose-containing medium forms a stable solid gel referred to as:

The resulting bacterial population is

considered to be derived from a single bacterial cell and is

known as:

This media type is used to enhance the growth

of a particular bacterial pathogen from a mixture of organisms by providing specific nutrients for the organism’s growth.

_______ media contain specific nutrients required for the growth of particular bacterial pathogens that may be present alone or with other bacterial species in a patient specimen.

_______ media contain one or more agents that are inhibitory to all organisms except those chosen by the specific growth condition or chemical.

_______ media contain nutrients that support growth

of most nonfastidious organisms without giving any particular organism a growth advantage

Smears used as the tool for preparation of swabs from thick liquid or semisolid specimens such as feces

“Thin” specimens of fluids such as urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and transudates should not be dropped but spread on the slide.

an excellent method for preparing nonviscous fluids such

as CSF and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids

A cytocentrifuge with an opened bowl is preferred for microbiology.

directed toward coloring the forms and shapes present

directed specifically at identification of an organism

directed toward coloring specific components of the elements present

Purulence with red blood cells, neutrophils, protein background, and necrosis reflects acute inflammation.

Mononuclear cells, including lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages, reflect chronic inflammation.

partial lysing of RBCs in an SBA plate around and under the

colony that results in a green discoloration of the medium

complete clearing of erythrocytes in SBA around or under the colonies because of the complete lysis of RBCs

is a hazy blanket of growth on the surface that extends

well beyond the streak lines

P. aeruginosa color pigment

Serratia rubidaea color pigment

Chromobacterium violaceum color pigment

Kluyvera spp. color pigment

Prevotella melaninogenica color pigment

serve as a transport enzyme that facilitates entry of the lactose molecule across the bacterial plasma membrane

the enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose

The end product of carbohydrate fermentation

He proposed a contagium vivum as a possible cause of infections disease.

The term microbiology was given by:

The term microbe was first used by

“Father of microbiology”

father of bacteriology and protozoology (protistology)

The ancient belief in spontaneous generation was first of all challenged by _______, who carried out a series of experiments on decaying meat and its ability to produce maggots spontaneously.

He boiled beef broth for longer period, removed the air from the flask and then sealed the container. Followed incubation no growth was observed by him in these flasks. He showed that the heated nutrients could still grow animalcules when exposed to air by simply making a small crack in the neck.

He proposed that tiny organisms the animalcules arose spontaneously on his mutton gravy. He covered the flasks with cork as done by Redi and even heated some flasks. Still the microbes appeared on mutton broth.

He was a French wine maker who showed that soups and liquids can be preserved by heating them extensively in thick champagine bottles.

were the two persons who showed a growing awareness of the mode of disease transmission

Two German scholars viewed that air was the source of microbes and sought to prove this by passing air through hot glass tubes or strong chemicals into boiled infusions in flasks. The infusion in both the cases remained free from the microbes.

were the first to introduce the idea of using cotton plugs for plugging microbial culture tubes

in his book, ‘Origin of the Species’ showed that the human body could be conceived as a creature susceptible to the laws of nature.

He conducted experiments in an aseptically designed box to prove that dust indeed carried the germs. He discovered highly resistant bacterial structure, later known as endospore, in the infusion of hay. Prolonged boiling or intermittent heating was necessary to kill these spores, to make the infusion completely sterilized.

He gave the first direct demonstration of the role of bacteria in causing disease. He was a german physician who first of all isolated anthrax bacillus (Bacillus anthracis, the cause of anthrax) in 1876. He perfected the technique of isolating bacteria in pure culture. He also introduced the use of solid culture media in 1881 by using gelatin as a solidifying agent. In 1882 he discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

one of Koch’s assistant first proposed the use of agar in culture media

A famous English surgeon is known for his notable contribution to the antiseptic treatment for the prevention and cure of wound infections.

He used pus from cowpox scabs to vaccinate people against smallpox.

"Father of Antiseptic surgery"

both colleagues of Robert Koch, in 1890 discovered tetanus (lock jaw) antitoxin

the two notable French bacteriologists demonstrated the production of toxin in filtrates of broth cultures of the diphtheria organism

in 1904 found that the dye Trypan Red was active against the trypanosome that causes African sleeping sickness and could be used therapeutically. This dye with antimicrobial activity was referred to as a ‘magic bullet’.

Ehrlich in collaboration with ________, introduced the drug Salvarsan (arsenobenzol) as a treatment for syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum.

in 1935 experimented with numerous synthetic dyes and reported that Prontosil, a red dye used for staining leather, was active against pathogenic, Streptococci and Staphylococci in mice even though it had no effect against that same infectious agent in a test tube. He was awarded nobel prize in 1939 for the discovery of the first sulpha drug.

The credit for the discovery of this first ‘wonder drug’ penicillin in 1929 goes to:

received the noble prize in 1952 for his discovery of Streptomycin used in the treatment of tuberculosis, a bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that had been discovered by Robert Koch in 1882

are eukaryotic microorganisms that include multicellular molds and unicellular (single‐celled) yeasts.

are slightly larger than bacteria and are used in alcoholic fermentations and bread making. Certain yeasts such as Candida albicans are pathogenic (disease causing)

are relatively simple, prokaryotic organisms whose cells lack a nucleus or nuclear membrane.

______ reproduce by binary fission, have unique constituents in their cell walls, and exist in most environments on earth.

are filamentous, branched fungi that use spores for reproduction. ______ prefer acidic environments, and most live at room temperature under oxygen‐rich conditions. The common mushroom is a fungus.

______ are eukaryotic, unicellular organisms. _____ exist in an infinite variety of shapes because they have no cell walls.

____ are ultramicroscopic bits of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein shell and, sometimes, a membranous envelope.

relate to an organism’s genetic makeup, including the nature of the organism’s genes and constituent nucleic acids

based on features beyond the genetic level, including both readily observable characteristics and features that may require extensive analytic procedures to be detected

are capable of replication independently of the host chromosome

are limited to containing the genes that encode information required for are limited to containing the genes that encode information required for

are cassettes (grouping of genes) flanked by insertion sequences

(a specific sequence of approximately 300 base pairs) is recognized by several initiation proteins, followed by the separation of the complementary strands of parental DNA

When a cluster of genes is under the control of a single promoter sequence, the gene group is referred to as an:

The code consists of triplets of nucleotide bases, referred to as: ________ encodes for a specific amino acid.

its appearance resembles a string of pearls.

________ is defined as an alteration in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism’s genome; that is, a change in the organism’s genotype.

______ is a molecular event that occurs frequently in many varieties of bacteria, including most of the clinically relevant species, and it may involve any portion of the organism’s genome.

_____ involves recipient cell uptake of naked (free) DNA released into the environment when another bacterial cell (i.e., the donor) dies and undergoes lysis.

is a second mechanism by which DNA from two bacteria may come together in one cell, thus allowing for recombination. This process is mediated through viruses capable of infecting bacteria.

This process occurs between two living cells, involves cell-to-cell contact, and requires mobilization of the donor bacterium’s chromosome.

When oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor, the process is known as:

are unable to grow in the absence of oxygen

depending on the availability of oxygen

oxygen is absolutely toxic

refers to processes that use final electron acceptors other than oxygen

modification of substances and transport throughout the cell, including internal delivery of molecules, and exocytosis or secretion of other molecules

process and transport proteins

generate energy (ATP)

provide an environment for controlled enzymatic degradation of intracellular substances

provide a membrane enclosure for chromosomes

which are abnormal infectious proteins, are also not considered living cells

are hairlike, proteinaceous structures that extend from the cell membrane into the external environment; some may be up to 2 um long

________ Flagella

______________ Flagella

_____________ Flagella

Disinfection is a process that kills all forms of microbial life, including bacterial endospores. Sterilization is a process that destroys pathogenic organisms, but not necessarily all microorganisms, endospores, or prions.

__________ is a method of treating infectious waste. It is the safest method to ensure that no infective materials remain in samples or containers when disposed.

is used to sterilize biohazardous trash and heat-stable objects; an autoclave is used for this purpose.

requires longer exposure times (1.5 to 3 hours) and higher temperatures than moist heat (160° to 180°C). It is used to sterilize items such as glassware, oil, petrolatum, or powders.

is the method of choice for antibiotic solutions, toxic chemicals, radioisotopes, vaccines, and carbohydrates, which are all heat sensitive.

Disinfectants used on living tissue (skin) are called:

allow room (unsterilized) air to pass into the cabinet and around the area and material within, sterilizing only the air to be exhausted

Air coming into and going out of the cabinet is filter sterilized, and the infectious material within is handled with rubber gloves that are attached and sealed to the cabinet

sterilize air that flows over the infectious material, as well as air to be exhausted. The air flows in “sheets,” which serve as barriers to particles from outside the cabinet and direct the flow of contaminated air into the filters

agents are those most commonly being sought in clinical specimens and used in diagnostic, teaching, and other laboratories

agents are exotic agents that are considered high risk and cause life-threatening disease

agents include those that have no known potential for infecting healthy people and are well defined and characterized

procedures have been recommended for the handling of material suspected of harboring organisms unlikely to be encountered in a routine clinical laboratory and for such organisms as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Coxiella burnetii, and the mold stages of systemic fungi and for some other organisms when grown in quantities greater than that found in patient specimens

grow in ambient air, which contains 21% oxygen (O2 ) and a small amount (0.03%) of carbon dioxide (CO2 ).

cannot grow in the presence of O2 , and the atmosphere in anaerobe jars, bags, or chambers is composed of 5% to 10% hydrogen (H2 ), 5% to 10% CO2 , 80% to 90% nitrogen (N2 ), and 0% O2

require increased concentrations of CO2 (5% to 10%) and approximately 15% O2

grow under reduced O2 (5% to 10%) and increased CO2 (8% to 10%)