The owner and publisher of a local Memphis newspaper who wrote against and spoke extensively in favor of a federal anti-lynching law.

Reading and writing test formerly used in some southern states to prevent African Americans from voting.

1868 constitutional amendment which defined citizenship and guaranteed citizens equal protection under the law.

Being charged with wrongdoing while in presidential office.

Program implemented by the federal government between 1865 and 1877 to repair damage to the South caused by the Civil War and restore the southern states to the Union.

Forced separation, oftentimes by race.

System in which a farmer paid rent to a landowner for the use of the land.

Politicians who aimed to repair or “redeem” the South in the eyes of Congress.

1870 constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude.

Agreement by which Rutherford B. Hayes won the 1876 presidential election and in exchange agreed to remove the remaining federal troops from the South.

This clause allowed a person to vote as long as his ancestors had voted prior to 1866 or 1867.

A former slave, he argued that African Americans needed to accommodate themselves to segregation, meaning that they should not focus their energies on seeking to overturn Jim Crow.

Required that a majority of prewar voters in the Confederate states swear loyalty to the Union before restoration could begin.

Congressmen who advocated full citizenship rights for African Americans along with a harsh Reconstruction policy toward the South.

System in which a farmer tended a portion of a planter’s land in return for a share of the crop.

Much like sharecropping, except that the farmer chose what crop he would plant and brought his own supplies.

Laws that restricted African Americans’ rights and opportunities.

1870 and 1871 laws that made it a federal offense to interfere with a citizen’s right to vote.

Negative term for Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War.