If the carbonyl group is an nternal carbon, the molecule is a ketone and the carbohydrate is called a

(a)  

a simple carbohydrate molecule composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.

(a)  

Common monosaccharides:

(a)  

List three common disaccharides

(a)  

lactose is comprised of which monosaccharides?

(a)  

maltose is comprised of which two monosaccharides?

(a)  

Sucrose is comprised of which two monosaccharides?

(a)  

List two common polysaccharides

(a)  

four metabolic pathways of carbohydrate metabolism.

(a)  

the conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage.

(a)  

the breakdown of glycogen to form glucose and other intermediate products.

(a)  

the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources.

(a)  

the conversion of glucose or other hexoses into lactate or pyruvate.

(a)  

Where is insulin produced ?

(a)  

what is insulin's primary effect on glucose?

(a)  

If the source of an elevated insulin is due to endogenous production, C-peptide will also be? elevated or decreased

(a)  

seven hormones that are counterregulatory to insulin.

(a)  

a group of diseases characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.

(a)  

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) classifies diabetes mellitus into the following four categories

(a)  

What is the primary cause of Type I diabetes mellitus

(a)  

What are the “3 Ps” of type I diabetes

(a)  

excessive thirst

(a)  

increased urination

(a)  

increased appetite

(a)  

List five risk factors that are associated with the development of Type II diabetes mellitus.

(a)  

List five complications associated with diabetes mellitus

(a)  

what are the criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus

(a)  

what is meant by “gestational diabetes” (GDM).

(a)  

an abnormally low plasma glucose level, usually defined as below 50 mg/dL

in men and below 45 mg/dL in women,

(a)  

list the two categories of non-drug induced hypoglycemia

(a)  

occurs after an overnight fast or a fast of more than 8 hours

(a)  

occurs within 2 to 4 hours after eating due to a delayed and exaggerated increase in plasma insulin

(a)  

symptoms are termed “neuroglycopenic” and involve the central nervous system. They include confusion, inappropriate behavior, visual disturbance, stupor, seizures, and coma. (symptoms of reactive or fasting hypoglycemia)

(a)  

Symptoms are termed “adrenergic” and include sweating, nervousness, faintness, palpitations, and hunger. ( reactive or fasting hypogylycemia)

(a)  

Which is more common fasting or reactive hypoglycemia?

(a)  

List two common methodologies for the measurement of glucose in the laboratory.

(a)  

which methodology of glucose is considered the reference method ?

(a)  

explain the purpose of mutarotase.

(a)  

is the presence of excess ketones in the blood and causes a characteristic fruity odor in the breath of diabetes in ketoacidosis.

(a)  

the presence of excess ketones in the urine.

(a)  

list the three ketone bodies and their approximate percentages.

(a)  

What compound is most commonly used to detect ketone bodies in blood and urine

(a)  

which one of the three ketone bodies does sodium nitroprusside react with?

(a)  

clinical significance of glycosylated hemoglobin measurement.

(a)  

clinical significance of microalbumin measurements in urine.

(a)  

referente range for Fasting serum or plasma glucose

(a)  

Reference ranges for Fasting whole blood glucose

(a)  

Reference ranges for CSF glucose

(a)  

reference ranges for Glycosylated hemoglobin

(a)  

. If glucose testing is to be delayed, the specimen should be drawn into a vacutainer tube with a preservative to prevent glycolysis. What is the preservative and what color top does the vacutainer tube have that contains it?

(a)