A protocol that uniquely identify devices using IP addresses and provides a routing strategy to send data to a destination IP address.

Protocols that can transport packets of data from one device to another and check for errors along the way.

A secure protocol for sending encrypted data so that attackers can't view private information.

A secure protocol for sending encrypted data so that attackers can't view private information.

The protocols powering the World Wide Web, what the browser uses every time you load a webpage.

This is any group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data

This isn't just a computer—it's any device that can run a program, such as a tablet, phone, or smart sensor

This network is the way we can connect computers together to send information

The most common type of network is this network, a network that covers a limited area like a house or school

the largest type of network, a network that extends over a large geographic area and is composed of many, many LANs. Oftentimes, these networks can only be connected by leasing telecommunications lines from different companies, since no single company owns all the infrastructure across the wide geographic area.

a network used in data centers where data must be exchanged with very little delay

send data through a network by transmitting pulses of electricity that represent binary data. twisted pair cables are commonly known as Ethernet cables

This contains an optical fiber that can carry light (instead of electricity). The fiber is coated with plastic layers and sheathed in a protective tube to protect it from the environment. This communicate by sending pulses of light that represent binary data. This are capable of transmitting much more data per second than copper cables. They're often used to connect networks across oceans so that data can travel quickly around the world.

These connections don't involve any wiring at all—at least at first. A wireless card inside the computer turns binary data into radio waves and transmits them through the air.

The process of turning binary data into a time-based signal. There are various line coding schemes that can be used based on the needs of the connection.

it measure the speed, the number of bits of data that are sent each second.

describe the maximum bit rate of a system.

this measures how late the bits arrive. To put it in more formal terms: it is the time between the sending of a data message and the receiving of that message, measured in milliseconds. we can decrease it by reducing congestion and improving our physical connections.It depends on a number of physical factors: the type of connection from my computer to Google, the distance from my computer to the Google servers, and the congestion in the network (which may mean my request has to wait in line).

This is one of the core protocols in the layers of the Internet, as you might guess from its name. It's used in all Internet communication to handle both addressing and routing.

The protocol describes the use of this to uniquely identify Internet-connected devices. I like to call it the fingerprint of computers.

the first version ever used on the Internet, Each IP address is split into 4 numbers, each number can range from 0 to 225

a backwards-compatible successor, there are 8 numbers and each is 4 digits long, the highest value one of the numbers can be is FFFF

Each of these contains both a header (20 or 24 bytes long) and data (variable length). The header includes the IP addresses of the source and destination, plus other fields that help to route the packet. The data is the actual content, such as a string of letters or part of a webpage. You can think of IP packets like postal letters: the header is the envelope with all the routing information that's needed by the post office, and the payload is the letter that's read only by the recipient.