WorksheetsPsychology Midterm Review (1-7)
Total questions: 120
Worksheet time: 2hrs 0mins
The psychological perspective that is associated with William James is:
functionalism
psychoanalysis
conflict
structuralism
Because psychologists want to be precise and measure as carefully as they can, they use _____ to study psychology.
mental processes
the scientific method
introspection
functionalism and structuralism
Mary is a psychologist who focuses on the role of the conscious and unconscious minds. To which perspective does Mary ascribe?
behavioral
cognitive
humanistic
psychodynamic
Freud believed that personality was formed:
around puberty when the sex organs develop
in the first years of life
after a traumatizing event
in the first 6 years of life
What did Watson believe about behavior?
That it stems from unconscious motivation
that it is learned
that it and personality form in the first 8 years of life
that it is related to repressed conflict
______ focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information.
Structuralism
Behaviorism
Objective introspection
Cognitive psychology
Addison is 45 years old and is suffering from hot flashes and extreme moodiness. From an ______ perspective, Addison's symptoms can be attributed to menopause
cognitive
analytical
psychodynamic
biopsychological
A ______ has a medical degree and is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.
pschoanalyst
psychiatric social worker
psychiatrist
psychologist
Researchers use ___ for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data.
naturalistic observation
case studies
the scientific method
the descriptive methods
Teri sat in the preschool classroom and watched the children play, writing down how well they interacted with each other. The children could see that Sasha was watching them, so they made an attempt to be extra well-behaved for her. Teri's research will be impacted by
the observer effect
an inability to replicate the results
participant observation
observer bias
A researcher wants to describe children's normal behavior on the playground. The best method for this research is to use
a survey
naturalistic observation
a case study
an experiment
When Donna took the survey in the mall, she noticed that the interviewer was wearing an Obama button. She answered the questions more favorably toward Obama that she might otherwise have, probably because..
of observer bias
she misunderstand the purpose of the survey
of courtesy bias
the survey questions were biased
Experimenters control the effects of extraneous or confounding variables upon members of experimental and control groups by using
independent observers
random assignment
placebos
double-blind studies
Mrs. Minor participated in a study in which she was given no treatment for her condition. Mrs. Minor was in the ____ group
observed
experimental
hazard
control
Mrs. Puckett participated in a study in which she was told she would try our a new allergy medicine. She was in the group that received a sugar pill, but she believed that the pill did indeed help control her allergy symptoms. This phenomenon is known as
the placebo effect
a successful experiment
the experimenter effect
the mind-over matter effect
A drug company is determining the effects of a treatment for depression. Neither the researcher nor the participants know who is getting the treatment and who is given a sugar pill. This type of study is
double-blind
single-blind
an institutional review
quasi-experimental
Dr. Evans wants to show a casual relationship between tobacco smoking and cancer. Dr. Edwards should
observe people smoking
conduct a telephone survey asking smokers about their health
find a correlation between smoking and the rates of cancer
conduct an experiment using animal participants
If a correlation coefficient is positive
only 9one of the variables goes up
the two variables have an inverse relationship
the number is represented by the letter p
the two variables increase in the same direction
Correlation will tell researchers all of the following EXCEPT ___ between variables
if there is causation
if there is a relationsihp
in what direction the relationship goes
how strong the relationship is
Which of the following is a guideline for doing research with people?
Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participation
deception is never justified
participants must understand that confidentially is not guaranteed
participants cannot just quit without a valid, logical reason
The ___ is a network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body
nervous system
neuron
brain
spinal cord
A branch of the life sciences that deals with the structure and functioning of the nervous system is called
biopsychology
neuroscience
bioscience
psychology
Special types of glial cells generate a protective fatty substance called
axons
dendrites
myelin
cholesterol
Neurons fire
either full strength or not at all
partially when there is a strong stimulus
partially when there is a weak stimulus
stronger when there is a strong stimulus
When the action potential gets to the end of the axon
the message is received by the brain
the message gets transmitted to another cell
the cell dies
the cell does not return to its resting state
The sac-like structures that are found at the end of the neurons axon and that contain transmitters are called
dendrites
synaptic vesicles
synaptic knobs
axon terminals
The venom of a black widow spider is an example of an ____, which mimics or enhances the effects of neurotransmitters
antagonist
agonist
endorphin
beta blocker
The ____ is composed of the brain and the spinal cord
autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
central nervous system
Neuroplasticity is
the brains ability to change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience and trauma
the research and study of stem cells
the most advanced form of brain surgery
the process by which the neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicules
According to the textbook, scientists are investigating the use of stem cells to
treat cancer
cure birth defects
alleviate depression
repair damaged or diseased brain tissue
When people are walking, raising their hands in class, or smelling a flower, they are using the
skeletal nervous system
autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system
central nervous system
The job of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is to
get the body ready to deal with stress
control voluntary muscles
stabilize emotions such as happiness and sadness
provide feelings such as empathy and sympathy
The part of the autonomic nervous system known as the "eat-drink-and-rest" system is the
motor pathway
parasymphathetic division
sympathetic division
sensory pathway
The "master gland" that controls or influences all of the other endocrine glands is the
adrenal gland
pineal gland
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
The adrenal glands are located right on top of
each lung
the pancreas
each kidney
the liver
An ____ is used to record the activity of the cortex just below the skull
electroencephalograph
computed tomography (CT) scan
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan
The part of the brain that controls life sustaining functions, such as heartbeat, breathing, and swallowing, is the
cerebellum
hippocampus
medula
cerebral cortex
Which sense is the only one that is Not processed through the thalamus?
touch
hearing
smell
taste
A work-related accident left Bob with a paralyzed left arm and an inability to recognize the left side of his visual field. Bob's condition is called
Wernicke's aphasia
spatial neglect
spinocerebellar degernation
Broca's aphasia
Which state most accurately explains the difference in functioning between the right hemisphere of the brain and the left hemisphere
the right processes information all at once, whereas the left breaks things down into parts
the right specializes in logical though processes
the right processes information from the right side of the body, whereas the left process information form the left side
the right sees things upside down, whereas the left sees them right side up
On Sara's walk to campus one morning, she was thinking about what a nice day it was, how many people were already on campus, and how she has to stop by the bookstore on her way to class. Sara was experiencing
insight
a meditative state
waking consciousness
an altered state of consciousness
Which of the following parts of the body controls the sleep-wake cycle
thyroid gland
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
prefrontal cortex
Derek was lying on the couch and had fallen asleep when all of a sudden his body jerked, and he woke up because he felt like he was falling, Derek was most likely in which stage of sleep?
non-rem stage 1
non-rem stage 3
non-rem stage 4
non-rem stage 2
Delta waves begin to appear in which stage of sleep/
non-rem stage 4
non-rem stage 2
non-rem stage 3
non-rem stage 1
Which of the following is TRUE about night terrors?
they happen during a light stage of sleep
they occur fairly equally in children and adults
they are a common disorder
they are a stage of panic experienced while asleep
Theodora suffers from an inability to get to sleep and to stay asleep. Which of the following would help Theodora with her insomnia?
spending some time in bed relaxing, reading or watching TB until she gets sleepy
trying various sleeping pills until she finds one that doesn't cause REM rebound
going to bed and getting up on a regular schedule
watching the clock so she knows how much sleep she is actually getting
A person with sleep aphnea
gets up and walks around while still sleeping
falls asleep without warning
stops breathing for 10 seconds or more
experiences a state of panic
Niles has begun to fall asleep suddenly during the day, sometimes in appropriate places. Niles is most likely suffering from
not enough melatonin
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
insomnia
The _____ of a dream is the actual dream itself
latent content
repression
conflict
manifest content
Debbies psychoanalyst tells her that the monster in her dream symbolizes her abusive father. He is discussing the dream's
atual content
manifest content
spiritual content
latent content
In the _____ dreams are less realistic because they come not from the outside world of reality but from within peoples memories and experiences
activation-synthesis hypothesis
restorative theory
latent content theory
adaptive theory
The key to hypnosis seems to be
avoiding subjects who are active and alert
using more practical subjects, as opposed to daydreamers
a heightened stage of suggestibility
a gullible subject
Hypnosis is unable to do which of the following
relieve pain
help people to relax in situations that would normally cause them stress
create amnesia for whatever happens during the session
give people superhuman strengths
In Hilgards theory, the ____ remains aware of what is going on during hypnosis
conscious mind
"hypnotized" part of the mind
"hidden observer" part of the mind
brain steam
Withdrawal is a sign of
tolerance to a drug
physical dependence on a drug
drunkness
psychological dependence on a drug
Which of the following is NOT true about psychoactive drugs?
they alter thinking, perception, memory, or some combination of these abilities
some can cause users to develop a drug tolerance
all of them produce physical dependence in users
many were originally developed to help people
Methamphetamine is an example of a
depressant
hallucinogen
narcotic
stimulant
Which of the following kills the most people in the United States every year?
heroin overdose
alcohol-related car accidents
illnesses related to smoking
homicide
Barbiturates are known as
gateway drugs
no answer text provided
the minor tranquilizers
the major tranquilizers
Opium and its derivatives, morphine and heroin, duplicate the action of which of the following?
endorphins
cortisol
serotonin
melatonin
After having many cavities fixed as a child, Kyle now has a active dislike of the dentist's drill. His tendency to become anxious when hearing a similar sounding noise is termed
a reinforcer
a stimulus generalization
higher-order conditioning
spontaneous recovery
Carla was bitten by a dog when she was a toddler. She's older now, but still backs up in fear whenever a dog approaches her. This is an example of
vicarious conditioning
biological preparedness
stimulus substitution
conditioned emotional response
A teacher has decided to give "caught be good" tickets to her students when they behave according to class rules. This teacher also rewards students with gold stars each time they improve their math speed. this teacher is usign
classical conditioning
observational learning
punishment and classical conditioning
operant conditioning
____ is learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior
Learning/performance distinctions
observational learning
partial reinforcement effect
vicarious conditioning
Which psychologist is best known for working with children and a Bobo doll to study whether aggressive behavior is learned by watching others be aggressive?
B. F. Skinnger
Martin Seligmen
Edward Tolman
Albert Bandura
Whenever Vernon comes home too late on a Saturday night, his parents refuse to give him his weekly allowance. Vernon's parents are using what technique to modify his behavior?
negative reinforcement
punishment by removal
punishment by application
secondary reinforcement
Which of the following is one of Bandura's elements of observational leraning?
percdeption
flattery
mastery
memory
In his study of rats in mazes, Tolman concluded that the rats in the group that did not receive reinforcement for solving the maze had
learned to expect reinforcement every tenth day
learned the maze by wandering around in it and forming a cognitive map
been more motivated by the variable interval schedule of reinforcement
more interest in the reinforcement than did the other groups
Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful is called
a learning curve
latent learning
conditioned learning
insight learning
In Kohler's experiment, Sultan the chimp first used just one stick that was lying in his cage to rake the banana into the cage, and hten he learned to fit two sticks together to reach a banana placed farther away. This was an example of
trial-and-error learning
insight
latent learning
classical conditioning
InSeligman's study on dogs, the dogs that were not conditioned to fear the tone
jumped over the fence when the tone sounded
jumped over the fence when the shock started
showed distress when the tone sounded
refused to move even after the shock started
The law of effect states if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, the action is likely to
reduce pain
be repeated
be remembered
become a cognitive expectation
In an ____, the occurrence of reinforcement is more predictable and therefore the individual being reinforced is more likely to adjust his response to the timing of the reinforcement
variable interval schedule of reinforcement
ratio schedule
interval schedule
fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
Small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal behavior are known as
successive reinforcers
discriminative stimuli
secondary reinforcers
successive approximations
Birds, who find their food by sight, will avoid any object or insect that simply looks like the one that made them sick. This is a result of
operant conditioning
biological preparedness
reflex
maturation
Pavlov initially set out to study his dogs' _____
social behavior
brain activity
circulatory systems
digestive systems
A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response is an
neutral stimulus
unconditioned response
unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
In his classical conditioning experiment. Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate when they
saw their trainers
smelled their food
saw their food bowl
heard the sound of the metronome
_____ is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
extinction
spontaneous recovery
Changes such as an increase in height or the size of the brain are called
unconditioned response
reflex
classical conditioning
maturation
Which of the following is a feature of the storage stage of memory?
holding information just long enough to work with it
converting visual information into something meaningful
converting sound into vibrations
bringing information housed in long-term memory to mind
The ____ assumes that how long a memory will be remembered depends on the stage of memory in which it is stored
parallel distributed processing model
levels-of-processing model
sensory memory
information-processing model
The information-processing model assumes that the length of time a memory will be remembered dependes on
a persons age at the time the memory is processed
how long ago the even took place
where the evens take place
the stage of memory in which it is stored
Short-term memory tends to be encoded primarily in
visual form
auditory form
working memory
a "sketchpad"
The ____ acts as interpreter for both the visual and auditory information in short-term memory (STM)
central executive
long-term memory
hippocampus
sensory memory
Once you learn how to tie your shoes, the action becomes part of
procedural memory
sensory memory
working memory
declarative memory
In ______, new long-term declarative memories cannot be formed
anterograde amnesia
loss of procedural memory
retrograde amnesia
long-term memory loss
An example of an episodic memory would be
the names of the planets in the solar system
the fact that 2 plus equals 4
a special gift you received on your 13th birthday
how to ride a bicycle
It is extremely difficult to bring _____ into consciousness
episodic memories
semantic memories
sensory memories
implicit memories
In the three-stage process of memory, the second stage is
long-term memory
retrieval
sensory memory
shot-term memory
Visual sensory memory is known as
iconic memory
echoic memory
shot-term memory
photographic memory
Echoic memory lasts ___ iconic memory
for a shorter time than
about two to four seconds longer than
about two to four minutes longer than
about the same amount of time as
Information that enters long-term memory by automatic encoding
is rare
is most common in childhood
requires little or no effort to retrieve
must be practiced extensively
While hypnosis may make it easier to recall some memories, it also
makes it easier to create false memories
makes the memories more vivid than before
causes physical changes in the brain
can regress people into past lives
Higher false recall and recognition response can be predicted by
age
family history of mental illness
socioeconomic status
symptoms of depression
Decay is the fading of
the semantic network
a memory trace
procedural memory
implicit memory
Long-term memories may be inaccessible because
most of them are actually lost
of interference
they were not paid attention to in the first place
most people do not try hard enough to retrieve them
Anterograde amnesia can be caused by
decay
suggestion
a concussion
hypnosis
Early memories from the first few years of our lives are often difficult to bring into consciousness because they tend to be
explicit
implicit
unimportant
in working memory
Autobiographical memories
are easily lost
begin to form at birth
are always implicit
tend to form when children are able to talk about shared memories with adults
Mechanical solutions may involve solving by
rote
heuristics
a means-end analysis
using prototypes
Which of the following is a true statement regarding algorithms?
they will always result in a correct solution, if there is a correct solution to be found
they are also known as "rules of thumb"
they are also known as mechanical solutions
they are what happens when the mind simply reorganizes a problem and comes up with a solution in an "aha!" moment
A useful heuristic that works much of the time is
putting all people who share characteristics into one chategory
working backwards from the goal
estimating the likelihood of an even occurring based on past experience
using a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem
Writing a term paper may be best approached by using
subgoals
availability heuristics
representative heuristics
algorithms
The ___ heuristic is based on one's estimation of the frequency or likelihood of an even based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory or how easy it is to think of related examples
hindsight
self-serving
availability
representativeness
when people think, they often have ____ in their minds
confusion
memories
images and words
a jumble of things
Divergent thinking is especially difficult to teach to
males
australian children
females
japanese childen
Csikszentmihalyi found that
creative people are not necessarily unconventional in all aspects of their lives
creative people value conformity
creative people are usually only knowledgeable about one or two subjects
creative people are generally eccentric
Brainstorming, keeping a journal, and subject mapping are all
strategies to stimulate convergent thinkings
strategies to stimulate divergent thinking
heuristics
mental sets
Gardner theorized that there are ___ types of intelligence
two
nine
countless
four
Sternberg's three types of intelligence are analytical, creative, ,and
productive
practical
theoretical
spatial
___ is a method for comparing mental age and chronological age that was adopted for use with the revised Binet intelligence test
Stern's formula
Practical equivalence
The validity test
the standard deviation
Standard deviation is the average variation of scores from the
highest to the lowest
lowest to the highest
median
mean
the developmental delay related to living in poverty and one that usually produces relatively mild intellectual disabilities
fetal alcohol syndrome
familial retardation
down syndrome
fragile X syndrome
Terman determined that gifted people
are more resistant to mental illnesses than those of average intelligence
are typically below average in height and weight
normally possess an IQ of 160 or above
are usually socially maladjusted
The The Bell Curve, Herrnstein and Murray made the unfounded claim that
the heritability of intelligence is about 0.50
intelligence is largely inherited
gifted people are more prone to mental illness
IQ tests have socioeconomic biases
In some languages, changing the ____ of a spoken word can change its entire meaning
phonemes
intonation
morphemes
syntax
In a well-known animal language research study, Kanzi the chimp
followed complex instructions up to the level of an 8 year old child
made enough consistent sounds to be considered to have his own language
mastered syntax
demonstrated four consistent sounds to represent banana, grapes, juice, and the word yes
Vegetables, fruit, vehicles, and animals are all examples of ______ or categories of objects
mental images
heuristics
attributes
concepts
Which of the following examples does NOT illustrate divergent thinking?
michelle knits a blanket and uses it as a cover for her bed
aida builds a tower using a deck of cards
michael turns a piece of paper into a paper airplane
jennifer makes a bowling game using empty plastic bottles and an orange
