First language and mother tongue.

First language and target language.

First language and native language.

you speak.

you know.

you are learning.

1952

1962

1972

1982

in a country where the target language is not spoken.

in a country where the target language is spoken.

as the second language.

in a country where the target language is not spoken.

in a country where the target language is spoken.

as the native language.

will have two tongue languages.

will have one tongue languages and one second language.

will have one tongue languages and one foreign language.

The first language is ‘learned’ and the second language is ‘acquired’.

The first language is ‘acquired’ and the second language is ‘learned’.

Language is what makes us similar to other species.

Language is what makes us different from all other species.

Interlanguage (IL) is neither a native language (NL) or target language (TL) (Taron, 2018).

Interlanguage (IL) is a native language (NL) or target language (TL) (Taron, 2018).

Getting a speaking level is more difficult.

Getting a reading level is more difficult.

Getting a writing level is more difficult.

Getting a listening level is more difficult.

has been considered as a lack of success.

has been considered as a great success.

happens when the learner has satisfied the need for communication and or integration in the target language community.

happens when the learner cannot satisfied the need for communication and or integration in the target language community.

age

motivation

strategies