A chromosome fails to separate from its homologue during meiosis

One or more nucleotides are added to a gene, which can result in a frameshift mutation

occurs in an organism's gametes

take place in a person's body cells and therefore affect the organism

the loss of a piece of chromosome due to breakage

A chromosomal fragment breaks off, flips around backwards and reattaches.

A piece of one chromosome breaks off and reattaches to a nonhomologous chromosome

the substitution, addition, or removal of a single nucleotide

one nucleotide replaces another

creates incorrect grouping of the remaining codons, making all amino acids downstream of the mutation change.

genes that regulate cell growth

a gene that can cause uncontrolled cell proliferation

an abnormal proliferation of cells that results from uncontrolled, abnormal cell division.

Uncontrolled growth of cells that can invade other parts of the body

code for proteins that prevent cell division from occurring too often

The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site

Any substance that can induce or promote cancer.